高考总复习之短文改错学案(无答案).doc

短文改错一、考情分析二、命题趋势1选题特点：高考英语短文改错涉及词汇、语法、句型结构等方面的知识和逻辑情理的推断和综合辨析，是一种在较高层次上考查考生对英语知识的掌握和语言综合运用能力的测试题型。2考点类型：在短文改错题中，占相当大比例的是动词的形式变化，如一般现在时的第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、现在分词、动名词及被动语态等。其他如名词单复数的变化、主谓一致、词与词之间的搭配、词法、句法及语篇中的行文逻辑等方面的错误也会交替出现。短文改错以记叙文为主；句子结构由以简单句为主逐渐过渡到以复合句为主。学生在平时的写作中常出现的错误是短文改错考查的重点。三、真题研究A例(2018课标全国卷)During my last winter holiday，I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and another animals. Last winter when I went here again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years，but he agreed.B(2017课标全国卷)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was. Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, so once I started the car, my mind goes blank, I forgot what he had said to me altogether. The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up!” “Slow down!” “Turning left!” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left. A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.C(2016课标全国卷)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that 1 live .Though not very big ,but the restaurant is popular in our area .It is always crowded with customers at meal times .Some people even had to wait outside My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking. My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time. Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady.D(2016全国)The summer holiday is coming. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday. We can chose between staying at home and take a trip. If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world. If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. I thought that it is a good idea. It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.E(2016全国)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. They were also the best and worse years in my life. At the first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself. However，my parents didnt seem to think such. They always tell me what to do and how to do it. At one time ，I ever felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. Now I am leaving home to college. At last，I will be on my own，but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.F(2016四川高考)It is Mothers Day today. Though its a western festival, its popular in China now.Mom has a fulltime job，so she has to do most of the houseworks. She is a great mother. Both Dad or I planned to do something on Mothers Day. We get up early in the morning. Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping. When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in her hand. I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen. The dishes what I cooked were Moms favoritest. At dinner，we said to her，“Happy Mothers Day！”Mom was grateful and moving.四、词法类错误1查时态是否一致动词时态的分析主要从两个角度入手：动作与时间。在解题过程中，要着重分析动作是“正在进行、完成或经常性”，时间是“现在、过去或将来”，由此确定时态。短文改错的首句或相关句也往往起提示作用，且特别注意一些动词的过去式形式：burn(burnt)，learn(learnt/learned)，build(built)，pay(paid)，feel(felt)，catch(caught)，hold(held)，shoot(shot)，eat(ate)，ride(rode)，ring(rang)，sing(sang)，sink(sank)等。2查语态是否正确动词的语态主要分析句子主语与谓语动词之间的关系，且特别注意有关语态的一些特殊现象，如be worth doing(无被动形式)，need/want/require doing(to be done)(主动形式表被动含义)。例如：1(2018课标全国卷)I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school._2(2018课标全国卷)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin._3(2017课标全国卷改编)Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructors orders，but once I started the car，my mind goes blank._4(2017课标全国卷改编)When summer came，they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables！_5(2017课标全国卷)About one month after this photo was took，I entered my second year of high school._(1)辨别谓语与非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词，若再出现动词，又没有并列连词，就应注意考虑非谓语动词形式。再根据其在句中所作成分以及逻辑关系，来判断其形式是否正确。(2)作主语或宾语不能用动词原形，要改为不定式或动名词形式。牢记后接不定式或动名词作宾语的动词。(3)掌握介宾标志。介词后面一般需要跟名词或动名词，高考短文改错对介词的判定以及动名词的使用问题则是“常客”。以下短语中to为介词：be/get/become used to(习惯于)，be addicted to，devote.to.，be engaged to，pay attention to，look forward to，stick to，when it comes to等。(4)注意动词不定式符号to的多余或缺失。多余：在感官动词和使役动词(get除外)后面跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。缺失：有些动词，如want，decide，plan等。(5)分清现在分词与过去分词的区别。根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的关系来确定用现在分词还是过去分词。例如：1(2018课标全国卷)But no matter how many times I asked to watching them，my parents would not to let me._2(2018课标全国卷)Everyone was silent，wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity._3(2016课标全国卷)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes._4(2015浙江卷)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view._5(2015四川卷)Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing._(1)修饰动词应用副词而不用形容词；修饰名词应用形容词而不用副词。(2)系动词后作表语应用形容词而不用副词。(3)修饰人常用ed形容词，修饰物常用ing形容词。(4)掌握形容词、副词的级表示同级比较时，用as.as原级形式；表示两者之间的比较(标志词than)用比较级；表示三者或以上的比较用最高级。比较级的其它注意事项：标志词：than，in the world，in my class等。语境中暗含比较级。若形容词和副词后面加了er。前面就不能再用more。有些词本身就含有最高级含义，不能再用最高级，除favorite外，还有wonderful，exhausted等。有些词不与than连用可用于比较，如be senior to等。1(2018课标全国卷改编)I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people._2(2017课标全国卷改编)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road._3(2017课标全国卷改编)I enjoyed studying different kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums._4(2016浙江卷)It was both excited and frightening to be up there！_5(2015浙江卷)On the lefthand side of the class，I could easy see the football field._1区别可数名词与不可数名词(1)可数名词前有表示多个的量词修饰时，应用复数。(2)不可数名词没有复数形式。常见的不可数名词有：information, knowledge, advice, work, homework, fun, furniture, equipment等。(3)有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。根据名词的修饰词以及谓语动词的形式来判定名词是否可数。同时要特别关注“抽象名词具体化” 这一词法现象。surprise惊讶a surprise一件(个)令人惊讶的事(消息等)success成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)danger危险a danger一个(件)危险的人物(事)failure失败a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)honor荣誉an honor一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)disappointment失望a disappointment一个(件)令人失望的人(事)shock震惊a shock一个(件)令人震惊的人(事)2.冠词的运用(1)以辅音音素开头的单词前面用不定冠词a；以元音音素开头的单词前面用不定冠词an。(2)常用固定搭配必须牢记。例如：all of a sudden，in a hurry，pay a visit to，by the way，in a word，to tell the truth，by accident，as a result，in a way，on the whole，at present，in peace，in advance，by accident，on purpose，by chance，ahead of time等。3可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词例如：1(2018课标全国卷改编)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks，and mistake as well._2(2017课标全国卷)Besides，they often get some useful informations from the Internet._3(2017课标全国卷)They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. _4(2016课标全国卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest._5(2016课标全国卷改编)If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._“三看” 选介词1看介词的意义是否通顺多注意介词用法的积累，如表示“具体某一天、某一天的上下午或晚上” 用介词on；表示“几点钟” 用介词at；表示“月份或者年” 用介词in。2看介词的搭配是否符合习惯常考介词搭配，如at night，be good at，do well in，devote.to.，set out for，leave for，insist on，search for，be famous for，at the age of，shoot at，with the help of，focus ones attention on，be buried in，get married to等。3看相似介词的区别是否清晰例如：between表示“在两者之间”，among表示“在三者或三者以上之间”；besides表示“除了之外还有”，except表示“除之外”。词法错误“三要”1要对重要词类的功能用法做到熟练掌握高考短文改错在词法类角度主要涉及名词(单复数、可数与不可数)，动词(时态和语态、非谓语动词、情态动词)，形容词和副词(词类误用、原级、比较级和最高级)，介词和冠词搭配等内容。考生对以上词类的用法、相关语法内容要做到心中有数。2要特别关注改正词的拼写在改正过程中尤其注意改正词的拼写和选择，如形容词、副词的比较级和最高级形式是否需要双写最后一个字母，是用不定冠词a还是an，某个名词的复数形式是加s还是es，某个形容词改为副词时，是去掉最后一个字母再加ly还是直接加ly等。3.要对出题点做到心中有数解决词法类错误的关键在于熟练掌握相关词类的易考点。考生要熟知短文改错的出题点，对实虚词的考查角度了如指掌。如动词的时态与语态、非谓语动词、形容词与副词的误用、介词搭配等问题几乎是每年高考的“必备餐”，考生只有熟悉这些出题点，在解答短文改错的过程中牢牢抓住这条“思维线”，问题才会迎刃而解。例如：1(2018课标全国卷改编)They would say to me that playing card games would help my brain. Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes._2(2017课标全国卷)When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies._3(2017四川宜宾二诊)Obviously，it greatly helps us at our studies._4(2016课标全国卷改编)I showed them I was independent by wearing strange clothes. Now I am leaving home to college._5(2016四川卷)Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping._五、语法类错误1判定主语和谓语是解题的关键要解决主谓一致问题，判定主语是先决条件。either.or，neither.nor，not.but，not only.but also，or等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致；倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致；定语从句中，关系代词作主语，谓语动词与它所指代的先行词保持一致；强调句中，连接代词在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。2掌握主谓一致的常考点(1)主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with，except，but，including时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。(2)从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。(3)表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。例如：1My dream school look like a big garden._2The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. _3Not only my parents but also I are good at dancing and singing. _4Whether the temple should be pulled down have caused a heated discussion._5Among all my friends are a special one Im most thankful to. _1确定从句类型、搞清句子结构是关键定语从句中关系代词(副词)的选择和名词性从句中引导词的选择取决于句子缺少何种成分和意义是否完整。此时需要从分析句子结构入手，同时掌握关系代词(副词)和引导词在句中的句法功能。which可引导非限制性定语从句，代表主句的内容；where在定语从句中充当(抽象)地点状语；what在名词性从句中可充当主语、宾语等。2重点关注定语从句与名词性从句中的易考点(1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。(2)that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，没有含义，只能在宾语从句中省略。(3)名词性从句中，if只能引导宾语从句，但whether可引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。(4)that在同位语从句中不充当成分，没有含义，一般不能省略，但在定语从句中可充当主语和宾语，且充当宾语时可省略。(5)what是连接代词，引导名词性从句并在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如：1(2017课标全国卷改编)In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house._2(2017课标全国卷改编)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time._3(2016四川卷改编)The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorites. _4(2016课标全国卷)The summer holiday is coming.My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday._5.If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt，tell your teacher immediately._1掌握强调句型的基本结构及其用法强调句型的基本结构为“Its.that/who”，判定标准在于去掉基本结构后，剩余部分仍然逻辑完整，使用that可强调人或物，who只能用于强调人。2分辨虚拟语气的情境“句意” 是判断是否为虚拟语气的重要一环，解答这类问题要重点考虑时间、主从句结构两个方面。3关注特殊句式的易错点There be结构的含义及be动词的选择、倒装句中助动词的选择和时态的运用、省略句中动词形式的运用以及祈使句中句首为动词原形，后半句往往用将来时等需考生重点关注。句法错误“两不要” 1以“语法分析” 为依据，不要“茫无头绪”高考短文改错句法类错误主要涉及复合句、主谓一致、特殊句式等内容，具体有：关系代词/副词和引导词的使用；主谓搭配是否一致；特殊句式中助动词和时态的使用；there be结构中系动词be的选择以及there be结构与have/has的重复使用；强调句式的使用。2以句子为单位，不要“一叶障目”在解答句法类错误的时候，切勿过多关注某一个或几个单词，而是应该首先从整体上判断句子所表达的含义，然后摸清所使用的句式结构、语法现象等问题，做到“从整体理解到局部分析”，如同“一览众山小”。例如：1If you are me，would you talk to him (them)？_2Therefore，we strongly suggest that similar events are held every year！_3Dear fellow students，its high time that we pay attention to this phenomenon._4It was on Monday night who all this happened._5So little do I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words._六、逻辑类错误1重点关注句意的连贯性和逻辑性解决短文改错中连接词类错误，要重点关注上下句(并列句)之间的逻辑关系，弄清楚句子与句子之间的内在联系。(1)句间无连词，增加连词。若两个句子之间没有句号、分号，又没有连词时，需要增加连词。(2)句间多连词，删除连词。一些受汉语影响的错误，如although/though.but，because/since/as.so等，一般删除后面的连词but和so。(3)遇到连词需考虑是否用错。常见的如or，but，and等。2掌握常用连接词的含义和用法(1)and“和、而且”，表递进、并列或顺承关系；but“但是”，表转折关系；or“或者、否则”，表选择或结果。(2)not only.but also.“不仅而且”；both.and.“和两者都”；not.but.“不是而是”。(3)either.or.“或者或者”；neither.nor.“既不也不”。(4)while“而、然而”，表对比；when“就在那时”，并列连词。(5)状语从句中从属连词：the moment/minute/as soon as/immediately/directly“一就”；where“地方”；because/as/since“由于”；so/such.that“如此以至于”；in case(of)“以防，以免”；though/although“即使”；as a result/consequence(of)“结果/由于”；what if“若是又怎样”。(6)therefore“因此”；besides“况且、而且”；but/except“除了”；anyway“无论如何”；however“然而”；whats more“况且，而且”。例如：1(2018课标全国卷改编)At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years，but he agreed._2(2018课标全国卷改编)Everyone was silent，waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud._3(2017课标全国卷改编)Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructors orders，so once I started the car，my mind went blank._4(2017课标全国卷改编)Beside，they often get some useful information from the Internet._5(2017课标全国卷改编)I have grown not only physically，and also mentally in the past few years._1人称代词的前后一致性人称代词的前后一致性包括指代的一致性和单复数的一致性。2人称代词的主格与宾格变化主格人称代词在句中作主语，宾格人称代词多在句中作宾语。3物主代词的数与格物主代词的单复数应与所代替的名词的单复数一致。形容词性物主代词多在句中作定语，修饰名词；而名词性物主代词多在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。4反身代词的常考点反身代词多用作介词或动词的宾语；此外，反身代词指代的一致性也是重要考点。5一些常见不定代词、指示代词的用法如one.the other.表示两者的“一个另一个”；neither表示“两者都不”；either表示“两者中的一个”；none表示“三者或三者以上都不”；othersother可数名词的复数。例如：1(2018课标全国卷)I had done myself homework，but I was shy._2(2017课标全国卷)Mr.and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school._3(2017课标全国卷)This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days._4(2016四川卷)When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in her hand._5(2016课标全国卷)It does not cost many，yet we can still learn a lot._A(2016山东日照市高三第一次模拟)Dear Sir/Madam，I am writing to express a complaint about the Metropolitan Museum. I am visiting the museum from 2：00 to 5：00 on yesterday afternoon. I would have enjoyed a perfect afternoon unless it had not been for an unfortunate incident.I was in the Chinese Painting Section with its beautiful display of world famous works while suddenly I was astonished to smell cigarette smoke. I turned back