初高中衔接-英语五大句型和练习.doc

句子成分 ——— 英语五大句型
句子成分(Members of a Sentence)
一、概念
什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。
主语：动作发出者
谓语：主语发出的动作
宾语：动作的承受者
表语：表示主语“是什么”，“怎么样”
补语：补充说明主语或宾语
状语：表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、程度、比较和伴随成分
定语：用来修饰名词，代词（形容词性质“的”）
同位语：指代同一事物的两个词、片语或子句,称同位关系

分析下面句子的成分
You beat him. 主谓宾分别是哪个
She is a teacher，and she is beautiful. (表语）
He ran quickly in the playground at 16:00 yesterday . (状语）
This is a beautiful garden. (定语）
Our capital , Beijing. (同位语）
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.

二、 英语句子的类型
简单句 只有一个主谓结构 She is a student.
并列句：两个或以上的主谓结构 She is a student, and she studies hard.
复合句：一个主句加一个或几个从句 She is a student who studies hard.

三、英语五种基本句型
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一： Ｓ + Ｖ （主＋谓）
二： Ｓ + Ｖ + Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
三： Ｓ + Ｖ + Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
四： Ｓ + Ｖ + IO +DO （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五： Ｓ + Ｖ + Ｏ +Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词（不能直接跟宾语），后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ
Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. Time
2. The man
3. We all
4. He
5.They
flies.
cooked.
eat, and drink.
is playing
have gone

基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,这类动词叫做连系动词。
系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。
感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻

Ｓ
Ｖ（系动词）
Ｐ(表语)
1. This
2. The dinner
3. He
4. Everything
5. He
6. The book
7. The weather
8. His face
is
smells(闻)
fell
looks
is
is
became
turned
a dictionary.
good.
happy.
different.
tall and strong.
interesting.
warmer.
red.

基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。

Ｓ
Ｖ（实义动词）
Ｏ(宾语)
1. Who
2. She
3. He
8. He
5. They
6. Ann
7. I
4. He
knows
laugh at
understands
made
ate
likes
want
said
the answer?
her.
English.
cakes.
some apples.
donuts.
to have a cup of tea.
"Good morning."

基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.
常带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词（分为A、B两类）
A：动词后加to (give sb sth=give sth to sb)
give 给 show给 看 send寄，打电报 bring带 pass递给 lend借给 leave留给hand交给 tell告诉return把还给write给……写信 throw扔 promise答应 refuse 拒绝
B：动词后加for (buy sb sth=buy sth for sb)
make生产，制造…… buy买 do做 get得到 play演奏 order命令 sing唱歌
pay为……交钱

Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片

基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想？
6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
句子成分练习题
1. They work hard. 2.The flower is dead.
3. Plants need water. 4.He gives me some seeds.
5. We should keep the plants in the shade. 6.Many animals live in trees.
7.He kept me a dictionary. 8.Shall I leave you the camera?
9. We find the book interesting. 10.He is a scientist
11.Singing makes me happy. 12.Daming calls his cat Mimi .
13.You must listen to her. 14.. My uncle bought me an e-dictionary.

习题练习
1. Do you know _______ during the coming summer holiday?
A. what will Tom do B. what did Tom do C. what Tom will do D. what Tom did
2. I want to know_________.
A. what is his name B. what’s his name C. that his name is D. what his name is
3. Do you know ________ I could pass the exam?
A. that B. whether C. what D. which
4. Jim doesn’t understand ____________.
A. which is the way to the museum B. why his wife always goes shopping
C. what is the way to the museum D. why does she always go shopping
5. ---Could you tell me ______ she is looking for?
A. that B. whose C. who D. which
6. Mr. King didn’t know _______ yesterday evening.
A. when does his son come home B. when his son comes home
C. when did his son come home D. when his son came home
7. Could you tell me _______ the bike this morning?
A. how does he mend B. how he mends
C. how he mended D. how did he mend
8. ---I’m waiting for the mail. Do you know ________ it will arrive?
---Usually it comes by 4: 00.
A. how B. where C. when D. what
9. ---Excuse me, would you please tell me ________?
---Certainly. Go straight along here. It’s next to a hospital.
A. how we can get to the post office B. how can we get to the post office
C. how get to the post office D. how could we get to the post office
10. ---Can I help you? ---Yes. I’d like a ticket to Mount Emei. Can you tell me ______ take to get there?
A. how soon will it B. how soon it will
C. how long it will D. how long will it
11. He wanted to know ___________.
A. whether he speaks at the meeting B. when the meeting would start
C. what he’s going to do at the meeting
D. where would the meeting be held
12. ---Could you tell me _________ the Bamboo Garden?
---The day after tomorrow, I think.
A. when will you visit B. when you will visit
C. when would you visit D. when you would visit
13. Would you please tell me _________ next, Mr Wang?
A. what should we do B. we should do what
C. what we should do D. should we do what
14. You can’t imagine _________ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
15. I want to know ________ you will come back at 8:00 tomorrow.
A. that B. when C. where D. whether
16. ---Could you tell me ____________?
---Sorry, I don’t know. I was not at the meeting.
A. what does he say at the meeting B. what did he say at the meeting
C. what he says at the meeting D. what he said at the meeting
17. ---Could you tell me _________ last night?
---Er, I was watching Euro 2004 at home.
A. what you were doing B. what were you doing
C. what you are doing D. what are you doing
18. The teacher asked the students __________.
A. if they were interested in dinosaurs B. when was Albert Einstein born
C. what they will do with the computers D. how many trees they have planted
19. Every morning the patients are asked if ____their temperature taken.
A. they had had B. have they had C. they have had D. had they had
20. It’s up to you to decide _______ you’ll go there, by air or by road.
A. how B. why C. that D. when
21. He asked me ____ we could go to Beijing to watch the game by plane.
A. that B. if C. how D. what
22. -Excuse me. Could you tell me ________?
-Yes. There is a video shop next to the tall building.
A. where can I buy some CDs B. where I can buy some CDs
C. when can I buy some CDs D. when I can buy some CDs
23. I don’t know if my uncle ____. If he _____, I will be very happy.
A. comes; will come B. will come; will come
C. comes; comes D. will come; comes
24. My physics teacher said that light ________ faster than sound.
A. travel B. travels C. traveled
25. You are growing so fast. Can you tell me ________ now?
A. how fast are you B. how fast you are
C. how tall are you D. how tall you are
26. -Excuse me, could you tell me ________?
-Certainly. Go straight ahead and you’ll see it on your left.
A. where the post office is B. when you will visit the museum
C. where is the post office D. when will you visit the museum
27. I wanted to know ________, but no one would like to tell me.
A. what did the old man say B. what the old man need
C. what did the old man want D. what the old man meant
28. -Excuse me. Could you tell me ________?
-Yes. There is a video shop on River Road.
A. where can I buy some CDs B. where I can buy some CDs
C. when can I buy some CDs D. when I can buy some CDs
29. -Do you think ________ a concert in our school hall this weekend?
-Yes, there will.
A. there will have B. there will be C. will there be D. will there have
30. -Could you please tell me ________?-It’s next to the hotel.
A. where is the museum B. the museum is where C. where the museum is
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