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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。不能作为科学依据。,Unit FourTEXT I The Invisible Poor,III.Library Work,1.Broadly speaking,the middle class is the social group between the upper or the wealthy and working classes,including professional and business workers and their families.The middle class is sometimes divided into lower middle,1/78,III.Library Work,and upper middle classes-a division based on occupational and educational differences.Since World War II,the middle class has been the largest class in the United States,where the middle class participate more in political and voluntary organizations than do the,2/78,III.Library Work,subordinate classes,that is,the lowest paid wage earners and the jobless poor.The middle class in the U.S.also has a higher rate of religious participation than any other class.,2.,Dictionary definitions of,slum,and,ghetto,:,Slum,-a thickly populated,squalid part of a city inhabited by the poorest people,3/78,III.Library Work,Ghetto,-In former times,in most European countries,a section of a city inhabited by Jews.In the U.S.today,a thickly populated slum area in a city inhabited predominantly by a minority group.,In many cities in the U.S.,particularly in the East and the Middle West,slums developed where unemployment led to great suffering and over-crowdedness;moreover,pauperism and crime are widespread.,4/78,III.Library Work,In the U.S.,ghetto,is a term used to describe segregated residential areas in the northern U.S.They are typically overcrowded,and have poor housing and high unemployment.They are largely a result of segregation.,3.,The general purpose of unions has been to protect and advance the well-being of workers.Some participants in and observers of the U.S.labor movement have viewed unions as institutions with the potential to establish industrial democracy and socialism.Until the,5/78,III.Library Work,1930s,U.S.labor unions suffered severe legal disadvantages.Before 1842 strikes were often prohibited by the courts.In 1932 antistrike injunctions were outlawed.U.S.unions finally gained full legal recognition in 1935.The workers were then given the right to form and join unions and to engage in collective bargaining.,6/78,IV.Organization of the Text,I.Thesis statement:invisibility of American poor(Paragraphs 1 2),II.The normal and obvious causes of the invisibility of the poor(Paragraphs 3 7),1.Poverty is often off the beaten track.(Paragraph 4),2.Beauty and myths are masks of poverty.(Paragraph 5),3.Summary and comment(Paragraphs 6 7),7/78,IV.Organization of the Text,III.A new kind of blindness about poverty(Paragraphs 8 14),1.Transformation of the American city isolates the poor from sight of others.(Paragraphs 8 9),2.Well-meaning ignorance keeps concerned and sympathetic Americans from knowing the truth about the poor.(Paragraph 10),3.Mass production enables the best-dressed poverty to exist.(Paragraphs 11 12),8/78,IV.Organization of the Text,4.Many of the poor are the wrong age to be seen.(Paragraphs 13 14),IV.Political invisibility-the dispossessed at the bottom of society cannot speak for themselves.(Paragraphs 15 17),V.Conclusion(Paragraph 18),9/78,V.Key Points of the Text,Paragraph 3,perennial:,lasting through the whole year;lasting forever or for a long time 持久，长久,E.g.:,the perennial snow fields 终年积雪原野,the perennial blue jeans 四季都穿牛仔裤,a perennial invalid 长久病人,the perennial problems of isolation in old age 一直未能处理老年人孤独问题,10/78,Paragraph 4,off the beaten track/path:,not well-known;not often visited 去人不多，鲜有些人涉足；不知名;离开常规；不落俗套,beaten:,(of a path,track,etc.)that is given shape by the feet of those who pass along it(路)被踏平,走出来,人们常走,E.g.:,We followed a well-beaten path through the forest.我们沿着人们常走小路穿过了森林。,11/78,Paragraph 4,E.g.:,a vacation spot that is off the beaten track 僻静度假处,go off the beaten track 打破常规,turnpike(AmE):,also,pike,turnpike road,a special road for the use of fast-traveling vehicles,especially such a road which one has to pay to use,高速公路,12/78,Paragraph 4,rut:,deep narrow marks or tracks left in soft ground by the wheel of a vehicle 车辙,rutted roads:,roads with deep,narrow marks made by the wheels of vehicles 有车辙路；凹凸不平路,E.g.:,be in a rut 墨守成规，也成不变,13/78,Paragraph 4,get/fall into a rut 陷入老一套，开始墨守成规,fall into a conversational rut 开始了老调重弹谈话,get out of ones rut 摆脱陈规旧习,a runaway sweatshop:,a out-and-out sweatshop 彻头彻尾血汗工厂,14/78,Paragraph 4,runaway:,out of control 摆脱控制；控制不住,E.g.:,a runaway oil well 喷流不止油井,runaway inflation（脱缰野马似）恶性通货膨胀,the runaway cost of grain 飞涨谷物价格,15/78,Paragraph 5,run-down:,old and broken;in bad condition 失修，破败；衰败,E.g.:,a run-down old house 破败旧屋,This neighborhood is getting run-down.附近这一带正在日渐衰落。,be exempt from:,be freed from a duty,service,payment,etc.被豁免；被免去,E.g.:,Charitable organizations are exempt from taxation.,16/78,Paragraph 5,John is exempt from physical education because of poor health.,strain:,a state in which one is greatly troubled by anxiety and difficulty 极度担心；重负；过劳,E.g.:,Young people are under great strain during the examination period.,Examinations of all kinds put a great strain on young people.,17/78,Paragraph 5,tension:,(a feeling of)nervousness,anxiety,worry,or pressure（精神上）担心,E.g.:,Before the interview,Janet suffered from a lot of nervous tension.,He felt helpless under the tension of waiting for the news.,18/78,Paragraph 5,underprivileged:,(of people)not having the advantages of ordinary persons life;lacking in good chances for education,social life,etc.贫困；社会经济地位低下；生活水平低下,E.g.:,children from underprivileged homes 贫困家庭孩子,an underprivileged nation 生活水平低下国家,underprivileged areas of a city 城市贫民区,19/78,Paragraph 6,they will be functioning a generation hence:,the normal and obvious causes of the invisibility of American poor will still hold true in a generation from now,function:,operate,work,E.g.:,Is the machine/computer/telephone functioning?,hence:,from now,E.g.:,three days/a week/two months hence,20/78,Paragraph 6,slip:,move secretly or unnoticed,E.g.:,The wet soap slipped out of my hand.,Her secret slipped out without her knowing.,Days slipped by and he accomplished very little.,Dont let good opportunities slip through your fingers.,21/78,Paragraph 7,foray:,literally means“a sudden attack into an enemy area by a small number of soldiers to damage or seize arms,foot,etc.”突袭；闪电式侵扰,E.g.:,The soldiers went on a foray at the command of the officer.,make a foray on a town 对一城镇进行突袭,22/78,Paragraph 7,Foray,s extended meaning is“a short attempt to become active in an activity that is quite different from ones usual activity.”What the author means here is that visits to the slums made by the middle class at usual times are rare,but at Christmas time,there would be some visits.冒险；涉足 a short unexpected visit 短暂访问,23/78,Paragraph 7,E.g.:,the presidents three-day foray into the South 总统对南方3天短暂访问,From time to time he made forays to the pavement booksellers.他经常涉足街头书摊,ghetto:,a section of a city or town where live minority people who are not accepted as social equals by the majority of its citizens 少数民族聚居区,24/78,Paragraph 7,Compare synonyms of,ghetto,:,slum:,a district in a city or town where living conditions are dirty and unhealthy,and where poor people live 贫民窟,shantytown:,a part of a city or town made up of poorly-built huts,cabins,or houses 棚户区,25/78,Paragraph 8,the failures:,people who fail in doing what they expect to do;unsuccessful people,26/78,Paragraph 9,assume:,take something as a fact or as true without proof;suppose,E.g.:,He was absent at the picnic.I assume that hed forgotten all about it.,Assuming that it rains tomorrow,shall we change our plan?,27/78,Paragraph 10,compound:,make worse by adding(something)to (often used in the passive)增加；加重,E.g.:,compound a problem 使问题复杂化,compound difficulties(losses)加重困难（损失）,His difficulty was compounded by a sense of insecurity/uncertainty.,28/78,Paragraph 10,hovel:,a small dirty place to live in 简陋小屋；茅舍；肮脏杂乱住所,29/78,Paragraph 11,The irony in this,:the reverse(state of affairs)/the incongruity of this,Irony refers to“the sort of event or result which is just the opposite of what one would hope for or meant to happen”含有讽刺意义事,30/78,Paragraph 12,discern:,to see,notice,or understand,especially with difficulty;perceive 看出，识别，觉察,This process has been magnified with the poor throughout the country:,This process of having the poor disappear from sight has been developing rapidly allover the country.,31/78,Paragraph 14,lurid:,sensational,shocking 可怕；惊人;骇人听闻；过分渲染得,E.g.:,lurid accounts of the carnage 骇人听闻大屠杀报道,He painted a lurid picture of prison life.他把监狱生活描写得十分可怕。,lurid crimes(stories)耸人听闻罪行（故事）,32/78,Paragraph 15,the dispossessed:,people who have lost all their possessions.Here,the dispossessed are people who do not possess anything.,fraternal:,of,belonging to,or like brothers 弟兄（般），友爱,E.g.:,fraternal affection 弟兄情谊,a fraternal atmosphere 友好气氛,33/78,Paragraph 16,there is not even a cynical political motive for caring abut the poor,as in the old days:,In the old days,there might be some concern for the poor shown by some people to achieve their own purposes.Their motive of doing so would be cynical,or doubtful.But today,there is not even that kind of concern.,34/78,Paragraph 17,reservoir:,a large supply,especially one that has not yet been used 贮藏，蓄积，大量供给,E.g.:an oil reservoir 油槽,History is a reservoir of human experience.历史是人类经历总汇。,have a great reservoir of knowledge 有广博知识,menace:,something which suggests a threat or brings danger 威胁,35/78,Paragraph 17,articulate the needs of the poor:,express clearly and effectively the needs of the poor,articulate:,express thoughts and feelings clearly,E.g.:,He was so despondent（沮丧，泄气）that he could hardly articulate his distress.,Articulate,is often used in language learning,meaning“pronounce distinctly,clearly,and carefully.”,E.g.:,Josephine articulates every word carefully.She has good articulation.,36/78,Paragraph 18,in the old rhetoric of reform:,reform in the old days that was stated in a language that was fine to hear or read but that really did not mean much 以往粉饰太平改革,Rhetoric,in its general sense means“the art of speaking or writing in a way that is likely to persuade or influence people.”But in this context,rhetoric is used in its derogatory sense,meaning“speech or writing that sounds fine and important,but is really insincere or without meaning.”,37/78,VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students Book,Para.5:,The word“too”indicates furtherance.In this case,it tells the reader what the paragraph deals with is similar to what has been dealt with.The fact is,in this paragraph,we find another perennial reason why poverty is invisible in America.,Para.6:,The pronoun“these”can point both backward and forward.In this case it points backward,i.e.“these”refer to the perennial reasons that have been explained in the previous two paragraphs.,38/78,VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students Book,Para.8:,“Now”indicates a change of direction.The writer is going to turn from the“perennial”to the“present”.,Para.9:,“In short”is used to summarize.What follows is a brief summary of what has just been said,i.e.the effect urban development has on the invisibility of the poor.,39/78,VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students Book,Para.10:,“This new segregation”refers to the segregation of the poor from the affluent mentioned in the previous two paragraphs.The segregation is“new”because there has been the“old”notorious segregation of the colored people from the white,40/78,VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students Book,Para.11:,The word“this”in“The irony in this”refers to the last sentence of the last paragraph.i.e.“There is a warm feeling of satisfaction,of pride in the way things are working out:the poor,it is obvious,are being taken care of”.Can they be taken care of when they are even invisible?,41/78,VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students Book,Para.12:,“This”in“This is an extremely important factor”refers to the last sentence of the last paragraph,i.e.“Even people with terribly depressed incomes can look prosperous.”,Para.13:,The word“then”here has nothing to do with its basic meaning,i.e.a specific point of time either in the past or in the future.Here it is used in the sense of“besides”,showing that there is another reason why the poor are invisible.,42/78,VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students Book,Para.15:,“And finally”here is,as usual,used to show that we have come to the last point in our exposition.Here the writer is going to tell us that the poor are not only materially and emotionally invisible,but they are also politically invisible,i.e.their voice is not heard.,43/78,VII.SA to Ex.I,P.36,Workbook,1.,To enforce his assertion that the other America did exist though most Americans might not believe it just because they had never been there personally.What Harrington is trying to say is“I myself was once ignorant of its existence,but now I can prove to you that it does exist.”,44/78,VII.SA to Ex.I,P.36,Workbook,2.,Refer to Paragraphs 4 and 5.,Rural poverty is hidden away from tourists who normally travel on highways without penetrating into the country,and sometimes is masked by its natural beauty.,3.,Refer to Paragraphs 8 10.,Urban transformation leads to the distributional segregation of poverty,and urban renewal creates the false impression about the existence of the poor.,45/78,VII.SA to Ex.I,P.36,Workbook,4.,Refer to Paragraphs 11 14.,Mass production of garments enables even the poor to be decently dressed.Most poor people are aged;they are less mobile and thus less visible.,5.,Politically,the poor are not adequately represented;and their voice is not heard and attended to in the political life of the nation.,6.(Omitted),46/78,VIII.SA to Ex.II,P.37,Workbook,1.,Beauty refers to the beautiful environment.Specifically it refers to the hills,the streams,the foliage in the lovely season in the area of the Appalachians Mountains.Myths refer to Rousseaus concept of the“primitive man,”a person who was admired for his supposedly simple and pure life,and who was exempt from the strains and tension of the middle class.Specially they refer to the run-down mountain houses,supposedly the abode（住所）of the fortunate people.,47/78,VIII.SA to Ex.II,P.37,Workbook,When the traveler comes to the Appalachians,he will see the beauty of nature,and the run-down houses remind him of the“primitive man.”He does not know that the people living in the area are actually undereducated,underprivileged;in other words,they are poor.So outward beauty of nature and false beliefs in the“primitive man”are misleading-they simply cover up the truth-the existence of poverty.,48/78,VIII.SA to Ex.II,P.37,Workbook,2.,The segregation of the poor from the affluent is new because the poor still live in the miserable housing in the central area of a city while the affluent middle class have moved out to the suburbs,so there is little chance for the affluent to see the poor.,Well-meaning ignoran
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