华东理工大学现代基础化学.pptx

,第,12,章 非金属元素通论和氮、硼、稀有气体,12.2,非金属元素通论,12.1,元素的发现、分类及其在自然界,的存在,12.4,硼及其化合物,12.3,氮及其化合物,12.5,稀有气体,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.1.1,元素的发现与分类,元素的发现与人类进步和科技发展有着紧密的联系。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.1.1,元素的发现与分类,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.1.2,元素在地壳、海洋和大气中的分布,地壳中主要元素的丰度,地球的表面被海洋、陆地或大气层所覆盖,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2,非金属元素通论,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.1,非金属单质的结构和性质,某些非金属单质的结构,1.,非金属单质的结构,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.1,非金属单质的结构和性质,某些非金属单质的结构,S,8,S,n,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.1,非金属单质的结构和性质,2.,非金属单质的性质,1,）非金属单质的结构与物理性质,氯,溴,碘,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.1,非金属单质的结构和性质,名贵的金刚石,硼,火山口的硫磺,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.1,非金属单质的结构和性质,2,）非金属单质的化学性质,（,1,）常温下，卤素与水的反应,2X,2,+2H,2,O=4H,+,+4X,+O,2,X,2,+H,2,O=H,+,+X,+HXO,F,2,+2e=2F,Cl,2,+2e=2Cl,Br,2,+2e=2Br,I,2,+2e=2I,氧化性增强,还原性增强,4H,+,+O,2,+4e=2H,2,O,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.1,非金属单质的结构和性质,X,2,+H,2,O=H,+,+X,+HXO,可以计算得：,2F,2,+2H,2,O=4H,+,+4F,+O,2,2Cl,2,+2H,2,O=4H,+,+4Cl,+O,2,2Br,2,+2H,2,O=4H,+,+4Br,+O,2,2I,2,+2H,2,O=4H,+,+4I,+O,2,实际反应为：,2F,2,+2H,2,O=4H,+,+4F,+O,2,(X,代表,Cl,Br,I),Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.1,非金属单质的结构和性质,（,2,）部分非金属单质能与强碱作用（或发生歧化反应）,3S+6OH,2S,2,+SO,3,2,+3H,2,O,4P+3OH,+3H,2,O 3H,2,PO,2,+PH,3,Si+2OH,+H,2,O SiO,3,2,+2H,2,2B+2OH,+2H,2,O 2BO,2,+3H,2,Cl,2,+2NaOH,（冷）,NaCl+NaClO+H,2,O,ClO,-,Cl,2,Cl,-,0.52,1.358,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.1,非金属单质的结构和性质,3Cl,2,+6NaOH,（热）,5NaCl+NaClO,3,+3H,2,O,ClO,3,-,Cl,2,Cl,-,0.47,1.358,Br,2,与,NaOH,反应时，在,0,左右才能得到次溴酸盐，在,50 80,得到的产物几乎全部是溴酸盐。,3Br,2,+6NaOH 5NaBr+NaBrO,3,+3H,2,O,I,2,在所有温度下歧化速率都很快，当,I,2,与,NaOH,反应时能定量得到碘,酸盐。,3I,2,+6NaOH 5NaI+NaIO,3,+3H,2,O,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.1,非金属单质的结构和性质,（,3,）许多非金属单质不与盐酸或稀硫酸反应，但可以与浓硫酸或浓硝酸反应。,3C+4HNO,3,(,浓,),3CO,2,+4NO+2H,2,O,C+2H,2,SO,4,(,浓,)CO,2,+2SO,2,+2H,2,O,3P+5HNO,3,(,浓,)+2H,2,O 3H,3,PO,4,+5NO,S+2HNO,3,(,浓,)H,2,SO,4,+2NO,B+3HNO,3,(,浓,)H,3,BO,3,+3NO,2,2B+3H,2,SO,4,(,浓,)2H,3,BO,3,+3SO,2,I,2,+5H,2,SO,4,(,浓,)2HIO,3,+5SO,2,+4H,2,O,3Si+4HNO,3,+18HF 3H,2,SiF,6,+4NO+8H,2,O,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.2,非金属元素的氢化物,1.,氢化物的还原性,B,2,H,6,CH,4,NH,3,H,2,O,HF,SiH,4,PH,3,H,2,S,HCl,AsH,3,H,2,Se,HBr,H,2,Te,HI,还原性增强,空间构型举例,氢化物的还原性减弱,氢化物,继 续,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.2,非金属元素的氢化物,NaCl(s),H,2,SO,4,(,浓,)NaHSO,4,+HCl,2KBr(s)+3H,2,SO,4,(,浓,)2KHSO,4,+SO,2,+Br,2,+2H,2,O,8KI(s)+9H,2,SO,4,(,浓,)8KHSO,4,+H,2,S+4I,2,+4H,2,O,2.,氢化物的酸碱性,B,2,H,6,CH,4,NH,3,H,2,O HF,SiH,4,PH,3,H,2,S HCl,AsH,3,H,2,Se HBr,H,2,Te HI,酸性增强,酸 性 增 强,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.2,非金属元素的氢化物,氢卤酸解离过程的热力学循环,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.2,非金属元素的氢化物,HF,8.6,29,+20,10,-2.5,HCl,60,13,47,10,8.2,HBr,67,+4.0,63,10,11,HI,62,+4.0,66,10,12,氢卤酸的酸性按,HF,，,HCl,，,HBr,，,HI,顺序逐渐增强。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.3,非金属含氧酸及其盐,H,3,BO,3,H,2,CO,3,HNO,3,H,2,SiO,3,H,3,PO,4,H,2,SO,4,HClO,4,H,3,AsO,4,H,2,SeO,4,HBrO,4,H,6,TeO,6,H,5,IO,6,酸性减弱,酸 性 增 强,1.,非金属含氧酸的酸性,(1)R-OH,规则,:,+,-,I,II,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.3,非金属含氧酸及其盐,R-OH,呈碱性,R-OH,呈两性,R-OH,呈酸性,当,R,n+,离子的电荷数小，半径大，,值小时，,RO,键比,OH,键弱，,ROH,呈碱性；当,R,n+,离子的电荷数大，半径小，,值大时，,RO,键比,OH,键强，,ROH,呈酸性。,+,-,I,II,（,R,的半径以,pm,为单位）,R-OH,规则,:,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.3,非金属含氧酸及其盐,表,1,：第三周期元素氧化物水合物的,值及其酸碱性,ROH,NaOH,Mg(OH),2,Al(OH),3,H,2,SiO,3,H,3,PO,4,H,2,SO,4,HClO,4,R,n+,Na,+,Mg,2+,Al,3+,Si,4+,P,5+,S,6+,Cl,7+,半径,/pm,95,65,50,41,34,29,26,0.10,0.17,0.24,0.31,0.38,0.45,0.52,酸碱性,强碱,中强碱,两性,弱酸,中强酸,强酸,极强酸,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.3,非金属含氧酸及其盐,(2),鲍林规则,:,多元酸的逐级解离常数之间的关系为：,例如磷酸,H,3,PO,4,的,=6.9210,-3,；,=6.1710,-8,；,=4.7910,-13,。,对于组成为,XO,m,(OH),n,的含氧酸（,X,为含氧酸的成酸元素），其第一级解离常数取决于,m,的数值；,m=0,极弱酸，如,HClO;,m=1,中强酸，如,H,2,SO,3,;,m=2,强酸，如,H,2,SO,4,;,m=3,极强酸，如,HClO,4,;,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.3,非金属含氧酸及其盐,H,3,PO,2,次磷酸,H,3,PO,3,亚磷酸,H,3,PO,4,正磷酸,m=1,一元酸,m=1,二元酸,m=1,三元酸,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.3,非金属含氧酸及其盐,2.,非金属含氧酸及其盐的氧化还原性,2HClO+2H,+,+2e,Cl,2,+,2H,2,O,2ClO,3,-,+12H,+,+10e,Cl,2,+,6H,2,O,2ClO,4,-,+16H,+,+14e,Cl,2,+,8H,2,O,氧化能力减弱,1,）在酸性介质中,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.3,非金属含氧酸及其盐,ClO,-,+H,2,O+2e,Cl,-,+,2OH,-,ClO,3,-,+3H,2,O+6e,Cl,-,+,6OH,-,ClO,4,-,+4H,2,O+8e,Cl,-,+,8OH,-,氧化能力减弱,2,）在碱性介质中,结论：,在氯的各种含氧酸及其盐中，随着氧化值的升高，含氧酸及其盐的氧化性减弱。此外，含氧酸及其盐的氧化性在酸性溶液中较碱性溶液强！,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.4,非金属单质的一般制备方法,1.,氧化法,3FeS,2,(s)+12C(s)+8O,2,(,空气,)Fe,3,O,4,(s)+12CO(g)+6S(g),4HCl(,浓,)+MnO,2,(s)MnCl,2,(aq)+2H,2,O(l)+Cl,2,(g),2.,还原法,2Ca,3,(PO,4,),2,(s)+10C(s)+6SiO,2,(s)6CaSiO,3,(s)+10CO(g)+P,4,(g),2KBr(aq)+Cl,2,(g)2KCl(aq)+Br,2,(l),2KI(aq)+Cl,2,(g)2KCl(aq)+I,2,(s),3.,置换法,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.4,非金属单质的一般制备方法,4.,电解法,电解,2KHF,2,(l)2KF(s)+H,2,(g),+F,2,(g),KF+HF KHF,2,电解制氟示意图,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.2.4,非金属单质的一般制备方法,2NaCl+2H,2,O Cl,2,+2NaOH+H,2,电解,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.1,氮,1s,1s,1s,*,2s,2,s,2,s,*,2p,2,p,x,2,p,x,*,2,p,2,p,*,2p,2s,1s,能 量,N,2,分子的分子轨道表示式,N N,键级,=(8-2)/2=3,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.1,氮,氮的应用,由于氮分子特别稳定，在工业上常用作保护气体。,氨,(NH,3,),化 肥,硝 酸,炸 药,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.2,氨,(NH,3,),不等性,sp,3,杂化轨道,2s,2p,N,原子轨道,1-3a a a a,孤对电子,H,H,H,N,107,N,H,H,H,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.2,氨,(NH,3,),1.,氨的制备,Ca(OH),2,+2NH,4,Cl CaCl,2,+H,2,O+2NH,3,2.,氨的化学性质,+OH,H,3,N:+H,+,NH,1,）加合反应,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.2,氨,(NH,3,),2,）氧化反应,2NH,3,+3Cl,2,N,2,+6HCl,4NH,3,+5O,2,4NO+6H,2,O,Pt,Rh,800,2NH,3,+NaClO N,2,H,4,+NaCl+H,2,O,3,）取代反应,2NH,3,(l)+2Na(s)2NaNH,2,(l)+H,2,(g),氨基化钠是强还原剂，在有机合成中有广泛的应用。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,中华民族圆了飞天梦,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.3,氨的衍生物,1.,联氨,N,2,H,4,（肼）,2NH,3,+NaClO N,2,H,4,+NaCl+H,2,O,制备：,性质：,N,2,H,4,(l)+O,2,(g),N,2,(g)+2H,2,O(g),2N,2,H,4,(l)+N,2,O,4,(l)3N,2,(g)+4H,2,O(g),H,2,N,N(CH,3,),2,(l)+2N,2,O,4,(l)3N,2,(g)+4H,2,O(g)+2CO,2,(g),偏一甲肼,(,代号,MMH,),，,H,2,N,NH(CH,3,),偏二甲肼,(,代号,UDMH,),，,H,2,N,N(CH,3,),2,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.3,氨的衍生物,2.,羟氨,NH,2,OH,（胲）,制备：,性质：,HONO,2,+6H,+,+6e NH,2,OH+2H,2,O,羟胺易溶于水，其水溶液显弱碱性：,NH,2,OH+H,2,O NH,3,OH,+OH,由于纯羟胺不稳定，常制成它的盐使用，如盐酸羟胺,(NH,2,OH),HCl,、硫酸羟胺,(NH,2,OH),2,H,2,SO,4,等。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.4,氮的氧化物,1.NO,分子轨道表示式如下：,NO,：,KK,(,1,),2,(,2,*,),2,(,3,),2,(,y,),2,=(,z,),2,(,y,*,),1,三电子,键,N O,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,性质：,12.3.4,氮的氧化物,2NO,(,NO),2,还原性：,10NO+6KMnO,4,+9H,2,SO,4,6MnSO,4,+10HNO,3,+3K,2,SO,4,+4H,2,O,2NO+Cl,2,2NO,+,Cl,氧化性：,2Ni+2NO 2NiO+N,2,C+2NO CO,2,+N,2,形成加合物：,FeSO,4,+NO Fe(NO)SO,4,棕 色,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.4,氮的氧化物,2.NO,2,制备：,2Pb(NO,3,),2,(s)2PbO(s)+4NO,2,(g)+O,2,(g),性质：,N,2,O,4,(g)2NO,2,(g),易于形成二聚体：,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.4,氮的氧化物,氧化还原性：,在溶液中,NO,2,具有较强的氧化性和较弱的还原性。,NO,2,+H,+,+e HNO,2,NO +2H,+,+e NO,2,+H,2,O,因此,NO,2,可以发生歧化反应：,2NO,2,+H,2,O HNO,2,+HNO,3,2NO,2,+2NaOH NaNO,2,+NaNO,3,+H,2,O,3NO,2,+H,2,O(,热,),2HNO,3,+NO,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,N,2,O:,俗称笑气，有麻醉的作用。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.5,亚硝酸及其盐,制备：,不稳定性：,Ba(NO,2,),2,+H,2,SO,4,BaSO,4,+2HNO,2,弱酸性：,HNO,2,H,+,+NO,2HNO,2,H,2,O+N,2,O,3,H,2,O+NO+NO,2,HNO,2,的不稳定性,演示实验,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.5,亚硝酸及其盐,氧化还原性：,HNO,2,+H,+,+e NO+H,2,O,NO +3H,+,+2e,HNO,2,+H,2,O,2HNO,2,+2KI+H,2,SO,4,2NO+I,2,+K,2,SO,4,+2H,2,O,2NaNO,2,+2KI+2H,2,SO,4,2NO+I,2,+Na,2,SO,4,+K,2,SO,4,+2H,2,O,这个反应可以定量测定亚硝酸盐（,碘量法,）。,5HNO,2,+2MnO +H,+,5NO +2Mn,2+,+3H,2,O,5NO,+2MnO +6H,+,5NO +2Mn,2+,+3H,2,O,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.6,硝酸及其盐,硝酸的制备：,4NH,3,+5O,2,4NO+6H,2,O,Pt,Rh,800,3NO,2,+H,2,O 2HNO,3,+NO,2NO,+O,2,2NO,2,硝酸分子的结构：,2s,2p,N,原子轨道：,sp,2,杂化轨道,2p,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.6,硝酸及其盐,硝酸的性质：,浓硝酸通常不稳定，见光或加热即分解：,4HNO,3,(,浓,),4NO,2,+O,2,+2H,2,O,见光或加热,氧化性：,还原产物与硝酸浓度和金属活泼性有关：,3Cu+8HNO,3,(,稀,),3Cu(NO,3,),2,+2NO+4H,2,O,Cu+4HNO,3,(,浓,),Cu(NO,3,),2,+2NO,2,+2H,2,O,4Mg+10HNO,3,(,稀,),4Mg(NO,3,),2,+N,2,O+5H,2,O,4Mg+10HNO,3,(,极稀,),4Mg(NO,3,),2,+NH,4,NO,3,+3H,2,O,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.6,硝酸及其盐,随,HNO,3,浓度的改变，,Fe,与,HNO,3,反应产物的相对含量的变化,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.6,硝酸及其盐,1,体积,浓硝酸和,3,体积,浓盐酸的混合物称为,王水,。,3Pt+4NO +18Cl,+16H,+,3PtCl,6,2,+4NO+8H,2,O,Au+NO +4Cl,+4H,+,AuCl,4,+NO+2H,2,O,硝酸盐的水溶液在中性时几乎没有氧化性，只有在酸性介质中才有氧化性。可利用棕色环实验鉴定硝酸根离子：,NO +3Fe,2+,+4H,+,3Fe,3+,+NO+2H,2,O,NO+FeSO,4,Fe(NO)SO,4,棕 色,棕色环,演示实验,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,棕 色 环 实 验,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.3.7,重要的氮化物,2Al+N,2,2AlN(,粉体粒径约,50nm,),2500 3500,等离子体,Al,2,O,3,+3C+N,2,3CO+2AlN,(,粉体粒径约,200nm,),1550 1700,六方氮化硼的结构示意图,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.4.1,硼的成键特征,利 普 斯 科 姆,利普斯科姆,1941,年毕业于肯塔基大学，获理学士学位，,1946,年在加利福尼亚理工学院获哲学博士学位。,1949,年开始研究硼氢化合物。,1959,年应聘为哈佛大学无机化学教授。,1976,年获得诺贝尔化学奖。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.4.1,硼的成键特征,-,共价性和缺电子,2s,2p,激发,2s,2p,B,原子轨道：,硼原子的价电子数少于成键轨道数，成键时价电子层未被充满，所以硼原子为“缺电子原子”。,由于,B-B,间缺少电子，在单质硼中,12,个,B,原子可组成一个二十面体结构。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.4.2,硼的氢化物,1.,乙硼烷,(B,2,H,6,),的制备：,6LiH+8BF,3,6LiBF,4,+B,2,H,6,3NaBH,4,+4BF,3,3NaBF,4,+2B,2,H,6,2.,硼烷的结构：,B,2,H,6,B,4,H,10,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.4.2,硼的氢化物,氢桥的形成过程：,B,B,H,这种由,1,个氢原子和,2,个硼原子共用,2,个电子构成的键，称“三中心二电子”键，简写为“,3c-2e”,键，也称为氢桥。,B,2,H,6,(g)+3O,2,(g)B,2,O,3,(s)+3H,2,O(g),乙硼烷的化学性质：,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.4.3,硼的重要化合物,1.,硼砂,(Na,2,B,4,O,7,10H,2,O,),：,Na,2,B,4,O,7,+CoO 2NaBO,2,Co(BO,2,),2,(,宝蓝色,),Na,2,B,4,O,7,+NiO 2NaBO,2,Ni(BO,2,),2,(,淡红色,),Na,2,B,4,O,7,10H,2,O+H,2,SO,4,4H,3,BO,3,+Na,2,SO,4,+5H,2,O,B,4,O,7,2,+7H,2,O,4H,3,BO,3,+2OH,2H,3,BO,3,+2B(OH),4,20,时，硼砂溶液,pH,值为,9.24,。,H,3,BO,3,HBO,2,+H,2,O,100,4HBO,2,H,2,B,4,O,7,+H,2,O,H,2,B,4,O,7,2B,2,O,3,+H,2,O,硼砂珠演示实验,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,硼 砂 珠 演 示 实 验,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.4.3,硼的重要化合物,2.,硼酸为一元弱酸,B(OH),3,H,2,O B(OH),4,H,+,在硼酸水溶液中加入某些多元醇（如丙三醇），硼酸的酸性将大大增强。利用这一特性，可以采用酸碱中和滴定法定量分析硼酸。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.4.4,重要的硼化物,碳化硼,B,4,C,为共价型碳化物，是黑色有光泽的原子晶体。,六方氮化硼的结构示意图,六方氮化硼动画,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.5.1,稀有气体的发现,莱 姆 赛,1894,年莱姆赛等人从空气中分离出,氩,。,1895,年莱姆赛等人制得,氦,。,1898,年莱姆赛等人从空气中分离制得,氪,、,氖,和,氙,。,1900,年发现了,氡,，,1904,年莱姆赛等人测定了该元素的半衰期和原子量等数据。,1904,年莱姆赛获,诺贝尔化学奖,。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,12.5.2,稀有气体化合物,巴 特 利 特,PtF,6,(g)+O,2,O,2,+,PtF,6,(s),Xe+PtF,6,XePtF,6,(s),XeF,4,晶体照片,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,