翻译技巧汇总词类转译法.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,词类转译法,从理论上来说，翻译中的词性转换是没有限制的，例如：名词可以转换成动词、形容词、副词等，动词也可以转换成名词、形容词、副词等，而形容词也可以转换成名词、动词等，不一而足。不过，从实践来看，词性转换也有一定的规律，最明显的是英语比较习惯多用名词和介词，而汉语用动词多某些。因此，在英译汉时，词类的转换比较多的表目前名词、介词变动词上。,目的：忠实原文，符合汉语体现习惯，但不照搬原文体现方式。,合用状况：1、直译不通顺；2、上下文需要,1,The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.,看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到尤其神往。,The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.,对于这些事情的回忆将会增添他生活的乐趣,回忆起这些事情，使他的生活增添了乐趣。,2,例句是将重点词汇名词转译成动词，这种状况比比皆是。这重要是英汉两种语言的各自特点所决定的，这也是两种语言的重要差异之一，即“英语存在静态(static)趋势，而汉语则体现出一种动态(dynamic)趋势。”,3,What kind of,sailor,are you?,你,晕,不,晕船,？,（,be a bad sailor,晕船；,be a good sailor,不晕船）,4,As he is a perfect stranger in the city,I hope you will give him the necessary help.,他对这都市完全陌生，因此我但愿你能给他必要的协助。,She has beauty still,and,if it is not in its heyday,it is not yet in its autumn.,她仍然很美，假如不是芳华正茂，也还不到迟暮之年。,5,介词、副词转译成动词,Party officials worked long hours on meager food,in cold caves,by dim lamps.,党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰凉的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯。,A force is needed to move an object against inertia.,为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一种力。,Millions of the people in the mountain areas are finally off poverty.,千百万山区人民终于挣脱了贫穷。,He was away before dawn.,他是黎明前出发的。,6,注：英语中表达知觉、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxious等。,7,课堂练习,1.He who,is subject to,temptations,tends,to err.2 Talking with his son,the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.3 He had never been a medical student,yet he was given one of those rare honorary degrees of Doctor of Science.,8,课堂练习参照译文：,1.He who is subject to temptations tends to err.不能抗拒诱惑的人往往要出错误。,2 Talking with his son,the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.老人在同儿子谈话时宽恕了年轻人过去的种种劣迹。,3 He had never been a medical student,yet he was given one of those rare honorary degrees of Doctor of Science 他历来没有上过医学院，但他却获得了理学博士这样难得的荣誉学位,9,名词派生的动词转译成名词,英语中诸多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到对应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。,10,In Greek mythology,love is personified by the goddess Aphrodite.,在希腊神话中，阿佛洛狄特女神是爱的化身。,Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings.,他初期绘画的特点是色彩鲜明，笔法粗犷。,They are already planning to staff the management in the event that the joint venture is formed.,他们已经在打算合资企业一旦建成后的经理部门的人事安排问题。,11,形容词转译为名词,He felt responsible for her death.,他觉得她的死他有责任。,Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship.,缺乏信任对人际关系的危害很大。,They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.,他们尽了最大的努力协助病号和伤员。,Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.,罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。,英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表达某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词,12,形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词,Diligence and intelligence are of considerable,importance,to your success.,勤奋和才智对于获得成功是颇为,重要的,。,Its such a nuisance that Ive got to work on Saturday.,我星期六还得上班，,真讨厌,。,13,英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词,Below 4C,water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.,水在4摄氏度如下就不停地膨胀，而不是不停地收缩。,Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials.,只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地运用它们。,14,英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词,Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.,地震与地层断裂有亲密的关系。,It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic.,人们已经证明，气体具有理想的弹性。,15,由于英汉两种语言体现方式不一样，尚有某些英语形容词可译为汉语副词,A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.,直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方。,The same principles of low internal resistance also apply to milliammeters.,低内阻原理也同样合用于毫安表。,16,名词、动词转译成副词,I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.,我荣幸地告知您，您的祈求已得到同意。,Rapid evaporation at the heating-surface tends to make the steam wet.,加热面的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。,17,副词转译成名词,The device is shown schematically in Figure 5.,图5所示为这种装置的简图。,Electromagnetic waves travel as fast as light.,电磁波传播的速度和光同样。,18,Adverbs into nouns,副词转译成名词,It was officially announced that they agreed on a reply to the Soviet Union.,官方宣布，他们就给苏联的复信一事获得了一致的意见。,19,The image must be dimensionally correct.,图形的尺寸必须对的。,The paper said editorially that McMillan has stolen the western leadership during Dulles absence.,这家报纸的社论说，麦克米兰企业在杜勒斯卧病期间窃走了西方领导权。,20,名词转译成动词,Rockets have found,application,for the,exploration,of the universe.,His drawing of children is exceptionally good,21,His drawing of children is exceptionally good.,他的小孩画尤其好。,他画小孩尤其擅长。,他画孩子画得尤其好。,22,Rockets have found,application,for the,exploration,of the universe.,火箭已经发现为宇宙,探索,的,应用,。,火箭已经,用来,探索宇宙。,23,Nouns into adjectives,名词转译成形容词,The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.,她苍白的脸色清晰地表明了她那时的情绪。,24,副词转译成名词,1)They have not done so well ideologically,however,as organizationally.,2)Tact must be used in requesting permission;and unless it is given willingly and cordially,the patrol shall not be landed.,。,3)He is physically weak but mentally sound.,25,副词转译成名词,1)They have not done so well ideologically,however,as organizationally.,不过，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。,2)Tact must be used in requesting permission;and unless it is given willingly and cordially,the patrol shall not be landed.,征求同意，应注意方式措施，同意假如不是出于自愿真诚，巡查队就不得登陆。,3)He is physically weak but mentally sound.,他身体虽弱，但思想健康。,26,Adverbs into verbs,副词转译成动词,That day he was up before sunrise.,那天他在日出此前就起来了。,27,Wisely,you made no attempt to have these problems discussed by the General Assembly,believing that they should be dealt with elsewhere.,你非常明智，没有试图让大会讨论这些问题，而认为应在其他场所处理。,28,Prepositions into verbs,介词转译成动词,Coming!Away she skimmed,over,the lawn,up,the path,up,the steps,across,the veranda,and,into,the porch.,“,来啦！”她蹦着跳着地跑了，,越过,草地，,跑上,小径，,跨上,台阶，,穿过,凉台，,进了,门廊。,29,that we here highly resolve,that this nation under God,shall have a new birth of freedom,and that government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.,因此我们要在这里表达最大的决心.；这个国家在上帝的保佑下，一定要获得自由的新生；民有、民治、民享的政府决不会从地球上消失。,30,An American reader of translated Chinese poems may well be taken back by the frequency,as well as the sentimentality of the lament for home.,美国人阅读英译的中国诗歌，很也许对乡愁的频繁出现以及过于伤感感到吃惊。,It was an informative meeting,which benefits me a lot.,会上透露了诸多信息,让我受益匪浅,31,动词在英汉中的不一样特点,32,英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一种特点，往往在英语句子中只用一种谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几种动词或动词性构造连用。,He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.,他对总统申明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表达钦佩。,33,汉语没有词形变化，但可以几种动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。,张三打算进城买驴推磨做豆腐挣钱娶媳妇。,Zhang San decided to go to the market to buy a donkey,which would then help him make bean curd by turning the mill so that he could earn enough money to get a wife.,34,The thought that she would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs.Brown.,Im not a great believer in taking regular physical exercise.,在哥伦布来到美洲的时候，此地已经有了印第安人，仅凭这个事实，就足以证明这一点。,读一点世界史，对学习时事是有协助的。,PRACTICE,35,The,thought,that she would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs.Brown.,布郎太太,一,想到,丈夫要踏上那漫长而危险的旅途而自己又不能同行，（心里）不禁感到难过。,Practice-,英译汉,36,在哥伦布,来到,美洲的时候，此地,已经有了,印第安人，仅凭这个事实，就足以证明这一点。,The,presence,of the Indians here at the time of Columbus,arrival,was sufficient proof of it.,37,读一点世界史，对学习时事是有协助的。,An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.,Im not a great believer in taking regular physical exercise.,我对常常锻炼身体的好处有点怀疑。,38,正反、反正体现法,39,英语肯定，汉语否认Affirmative,1）Such a chance was denied(to)me.,(v.)我没有得到这样一种机会。,2）I have read your article.I expect to meet an older man.,(adj.)拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。,40,He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago,then New York,then San Francisco.Silence.Silence.Silence.,(n.)他到一种户外公用电话亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。没有回音。没有回音。没有回音。,The criminal is still at large.,(phrase)罪犯尚未捉拿归案。,41,The beauty of the scenery passes all power of description,风景之美，非任何言语所能形容。,Thursday is rather awkward for meCould we meet on Tuesday？,星期四对我来说不以便，我们星期二碰头好吗？,42,practice,Your explanation is far from satisfactory.,They keep their thoughts and feelings to themselves.,Please tender exact fare.,Thats a thing that might happen to anyone.,Hes still in bed.,43,Your explanation is far from satisfactory.,你的解释,远不能,让人满意。,They keep their thoughts and feelings to themselves.,他们的思想和感情,不外露,。,Please tender exact fare.,自备零钞、,不找,零钱。（明确）,Thats a thing that might happen to anyone.,这种事谁也,免不,了,。（加强修辞）,Hes still in bed.,他还没起床。（符合汉语习惯,44,They are determined to go,merely on that account,for in general you know they visit no new comers.,他们打定主意要去，还不就是为了这个缘故，由于你懂得，他们一般是不去拜访新搬来的邻居的。,45,（,1,）常反译的动词,excuse,miss,Fail,lack,Ignore,neglect,Overlook,exclude,refrain from,refuse,Lose,fancy,46,常反译的形容词,Ignorant,constant,Neglected,neglectfulof,regardless of,free from,safe from,short of,thin,absent,47,常反译的,连词,，如：,Before,rather than,Unless,until,or(else),副词,Little,absently,Instead,seldom,Hardly,barely,Exactly,otherwise,48,名词,Absence,failure,Ignorance,anything but,out of place,in doubt,Until,without,except,past all doubt,49,（1）动词，如：,excuse对不起，miss未赶上/未击中，,fail不及格、没有成功，lack局限性、没有，,ignore不顾/不理，neglect不注意，,overlook没有注意，exclude不包括，,refuse不懂得 refrain from忍住不,不答应,fancy想不到 lose抓不住/听不见/看不见，,hate不喜欢。,（2）形容词，如：,ignorant无知的，constant不停的，,neglectful of不注意的 neglected不被注意的、未被照管好的，short of 局限性 regardless of不注意的/不顾，/没有的,safe from不会遭到的,free from免受影响的,thin不多的/不充实的,absent不在,out of 没有,foreign与无关的,thelast最不适合的/最不也许的,bad不合适的/不利的;weak不强大.,ill不健康的/不吉祥的/不好的/不良的，,50,3）连词，如：,before决不/尚未来得及，rather than宁可也不愿,until 不到的时候,or(else)要否则/否则,if anything假如有什幺不一样 unless假如不,。,（4）副词，如：,little一点不，absently心不在焉地，,instead而不是，seldom不常，,hardly几乎没有/几乎不，barely几乎不/无遮蔽地，,rarely不常/不平凡地，exactly一点不错，,otherwise否则的话。,（5）名词，如：,little没有多少，absence不在，,failure不成功/局限性/没做到，refusal不答应，,ignorance无知，anything but主线不/决不，,in doubt拿不准，out of place不恰当/不在合适位置，,in defect假如没有时.,(6)介词,如：,until不到时候,without 假如不/假如没有,except不计在内,past all doubt毫无疑问,beneath不值得,in the air未定悬而未决,51,背面正译即原文从背面体现,译文则从正面体现.,We must lose no time in carrying out the plan.,我们必须立即着手(或抓紧时间)执行这项计划.,You cannot be too careful in doing this.你们千万要加倍小心.,下面的词语也常有背面正译的状况:,leave no doubt清晰地表明,undisguised露骨的,uneasy忧虑的/拘束的,illegible字迹模糊的,illiberal粗鲁的;disbelief怀疑,no end非常 nothing but(or nothing else)只不过,not more than最多,and what not 等等/诸如此类,none but 只有,none other than正是,neither more nor less than 恰好/简直,52,英语否认，汉语肯定,1）All the articles are untouchable in the museum.,2）Dont lose time in posting this letter.,(phrase)赶紧把这封信寄出去。,3)The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation.,4)He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.,(adv.)他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。,6)Such flight couldnt long escape notice.,(sentence)此类飞行迟早总会被人发现的。,He is too careful not to have noticed it.是个细心人，肯定注意到了这一点。,53,Elliott was too clever not to see that many of the persons who accepted his invitation did so only to get a free meal.,艾略特是一种聪颖人。他定能看得出许多接受他邀请的人只是为了来吃一顿不花钱的饭。,practice,54,Is there really any evidence that personal dishonesty is more prevalent than it always was?,莫非真有什么证据，证明个人的舞弊行为比以往愈加盛行吗？,55,同一英语词，既可译作肯定，又可译作否认,1）I am new to the work.,这工作我是生手。（这工作我不熟悉。）,2）He is free with his money.,他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬。）,3)He realized that he was in trouble.,他意识到碰到麻烦了。（他感到自己的处境不妙。）,4)The station is no distance at all.,车站近在咫尺。（车站一点儿也不远。）,5)It is no less than a fraud.,这简直是一场骗局。（这无异于一场骗局。）,6)The works of art were left intact,the money gone.,艺术品还在，钱却不翼而飞。（艺术品原封未动，钱却不翼而飞。）,56,表达强调的双重否认,【例1】It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.,【译文】人不会不出错误,【例2】There is no rule that has no exception.,【译文】任何规则均有例外。,【例3】There is not any advantage without disadvantage.,【译文】有一利必有一弊。,【例4】It never rains but it pours.,【译文】不雨则已，雨必倾盆。,【例5】I am not reluctant to accept your proposal.,【译文】你的提议我乐意接受。,【例6】Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized.,【译文】它的意义和重要性，不管怎样强调，也不算过度。,57,分句法,58,His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery,There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.,He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.,The star was certainly coached in what to say and how to say it.,59,分句法和合句法,Unification and Division of sentences,60,一、分译,1把原文中一种短语译成句子，使原文的一种句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。,His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery,There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.,He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.,The star was certainly coached in what to say and how to say it.,61,His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery,由于他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。（名词短语）,There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.,我访问了某些地方，碰到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.,他五岁时侯，生了一场伤寒病，变成了聋子。,The star was certainly coached in what to say and how to say it.,说什么怎么说,明星无疑受过指点,62,Sentences for discussion,He was restlessly tired,even as he lay in bed.,Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention.,63,He was restlessly tired,even as he lay in bed.,他累了，然而一点也不安宁，虽然躺在床上也还是这样。,Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention.,罗斯福目光炯炯，面带微笑，聚精会神地听着。,64,为了语意畅通,单独成句,A clear conscience laughs at false accusations.,Winter finds out what summer lays by.,His youth got him off.,65,采用形合法翻译英语中某些带故意合特性的句子或汉语与之形似的句子。（1）A clear conscience laughs at false accusations.,只要问心无愧，他人的指责可以一笑置之。,（2）Winter finds out what summer lays by.,到了冬天，才懂得夏天储存东西的重要。（3）His youth got him off.,由于他年轻，他得到了宽恕。,66,例1.The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.,没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。,大概有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。,切分,由词成句,67,英语中长句较多,句中修饰语多且长，使句子构造复杂，因此英译汉时，不能照样克隆复制，而是得根据汉语语法的特点，灵活处理。切分就是一种常用的措施，是指把英语中的长句分解成两个或两个以上的句子。它常包括单词分译、短语分译和句子分译等三种状况。,（一）单词分译单词分译是指把原文中的一种单词拆译成一种小句或者句子。采用单词分译重要有两个目的：,一是为了句法上的需要。由于某些单词在搭配、词义等方面的特点，直译会使句子生硬晦涩，翻译腔十足，而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺，且不损伤原意。,二是为了修饰上的需要，如加强语气，突出重点等。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可分译。例如：,68,(1)We recognize that Chinas long-term modernization program,understandably and necessarily,emphasizes economic growth.,我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，,这是可以理解的，也是必要的,。,(2)Then and there he named the,startled,General lying wounded on his cot the new Commander in Chief of the Airforce,他就在当时当地任命这位躺在榻上治伤的将军为空军总司令，,使这位将军吃了一惊,。,69,At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.,目前，人们都倾向于采用不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，由于它安全，不招风险。,practice,70,（二）短语分译,短语分译是指把原文中的一种短语分译成一种句子。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句。例如：(1)These cheerful little trams,dating back to 1873,chug and sway up the towering hills with bells ringing and people hanging from every opening.,这些令人欢快的小缆车建于1873年，嘎嚓嘎嚓摇摆爬上高耸的山峦。车上铃儿叮当作响，每个窗口都是人。（介词短语分译）,71,(2)The military is forbidden to kill the vessel,a relatively easy task.,军方被严禁击毁这艘潜艇，虽然要击毁它并不怎么费事。(名词短语分译),72,(3)Invitingly green Angel Island,once a military installation,contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a days excursion.,迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱，小径蜿蜒，是一日游的理想野餐场所。但在过去它却是一种军事基地。（名词短语分译）,73,（三）句子分译,句子分译可以分为简朴句的分译、并列复合句的分译、主从复合句的分译以及其他状况的分译。,A.简朴句的分译,(1)Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle.,黎明时分，大雾弥漫，细雨蒙蒙。,74,(2)But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.,不过，假如该地区再次发生战争，显然会使国际关系处在紧张状态。,75,The recruit