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Test 1
中国书法(calligraphy)作为一种具有4000多年历史的抽象艺术，它不仅仅是书写汉字，也不只是写好汉字，它是一门体现精神的艺术。书法作品承载着书法家的人格、情绪、思想和灵魂。中国书法在中国盛行了数千年，在日本和韩国这些邻国也很流行。在中国，书法作品被认为是很高档的（upmarket）装饰品，因此也常被视为馈赠友人的佳品。如今，大部分的名家书法作品都被存放在博物馆里，这增强了不同国家和不同文化之间的人们对彼此的了解。
As an abstract art with more than 4,000 years history, Chinese calligraphy is not just about writing Chinese characters, or writing them well. It is an art which expresses spirits. The calligraphy work carries the calligraphers personality, mood, thoughts and soul. Chinese calligraphy has been popular in China for thousands of years, which also prevails in the neighborhood countries, such as Japan and Korea. In China, the calligraphy work is considered as a very upmarket decoration. Therefore, it also serves as a great present to friends. Today, most calligraphy works are exhibited in museums, which promotes people from different countries and cultures to better understand each other.
1. 第一句较长，按照英语的表达习惯，翻译时应该进行断句，可以根据意群进行划分。从“中国书法作为……”到“……写好汉字”为一个意群；总结性的话 “它是一门体现精神的艺术”独立成句最佳。
2. 第二句中，“承载着”可以意译为 carry，比较形象。
3. 第三句中，需要注意时态的运用，“中国书法在中国盛行了数千年”，其还将继续盛行下去，因此应该使用现在完成时态，而非过去时。
4. 第四句中，“被认为是很高档的装饰品”根据英语的表达习惯应该译为被动语态，使用be considered as…或be regarded as…均可。
5. 最后一句中，“这增强了不同国家和不同文化之间的人们对彼此的了解”中的“这”指代前一个分句中的“大部分的名家书法作品都被存放在博物馆里”，可以将其翻译为由which引导的非限制性定语从句。
Test 2
功夫(Kung fu)是一种典型的中国传统文化，它是一项既活动肌肉又活动大脑的运动。同时，功夫不仅是一项体育运动，也是一种艺术形式。它被用来治病和自卫，而且是一种综合性的人体文化。功夫历史悠久，在中国非常流行。肢体动作只是功夫的外部表现(external display)，功夫绝对不受限于外部动作，它还强调充分发挥内部气质(internal temperament)、心理状态(mental state)和人类潜能。由于起源于传统的东方文化，功夫的特点与魅力在其他国家受到越来越多的关注。
Kung fu，as one of the typical demonstrations of traditional Chinese culture, is a sport which strengthens both muscle and brain. It is not only a sporting exercise but also an artistic form. Kung fu can be used to cure illness as well as for selfdefense, and it is a comprehensive form of culture of the human body. Kung fu enjoys a long history and great popularity in China. The physical movements of the human are only the external display of Kung fu, which is by no means limited to them. It emphasizes the full display of the internal temperament, mental state and potential of human beings. Thanks to its uniqueness and charisma originating from the traditional oriental culture, Kung fu is captivating the attention of more and more people in other countries.
1. 第一句中，包含两个小分句，可将“是一种典型的中国传统文化”译成as one of the typical demonstrations of traditional Chinese culture，以插入语的形式呈现，更符合英文的表达习惯，也使句子结构一目了然。
2. 第二句中,“不仅……也是……”可以译为not only…but also…。
3. 第三句中，“治病和自卫”可以翻译成由as well as连接的并列结构，即cure illness as well as for selfdefense。
4. 第四句中，“非常流行”译成enjoy great popularity 更显正式。
5. 第五句中，“绝对不”可译为by no means。
6. 第六句中，“功夫的特点与魅力”是主语，翻译时会显得过长，所以将其与前面的原因状语一起译为原因状语从句，即Thanks to its uniqueness and charisma originating from traditional oriental culture。
Test 3
中国杂技(acrobatics)拥有超过3000年的历史，被誉为“东方艺术明珠”。观看中国杂技表演时，你会被深深地吸引，全神贯注、目不转睛。随着世界经济的发展，杂技表演也发展成为闻名于世的一种表演艺术。在欧洲和北美，越来越多的观众被中国杂技表演的魅力所吸引。尽管有着悠久的历史，也非常受人民群众的欢迎，然而杂技在旧中国却从来没有在剧院里演出过。1949年中华人民共和国成立后，中国杂技才得到了飞速的发展。
With a history of more than 3,000 years, Chinese acrobatics have been praised as “A Pearl of Oriental Art”. When watching a Chinese acrobatics show, you will be strongly attracted both mentally and physically. With the development of the world economy, the acrobatics show has been also developed into a kind of performance art wellknown throughout the worldwide. In Europe and North America, more and more audiences are absorbed by the charm of the Chinese acrobatics show. Though having a long history of development and enjoying great popularity among the people, acrobatics in old China were never performed in theaters. In 1949, after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, Chinese acrobatics have developed rapidly.
1. 第一句中,主句为“中国杂技……被誉为‘东方艺术明珠’”，前面的“拥有超过3000年的历史”译作介词短语，作时间状语。
2. 第二句中，四字成语“全神贯注、目不转睛”需要意译，不必逐一对应地翻译。
3. 第四句中，注意使用被动语态，“被……所吸引”译为 be absorbed by…。
4. 第五句中，“从来没有在剧院里演出过”应该采用英语中惯用的被动语态，译为were never performed in theaters。
5. 第六句应该使用现在完成时态，因为杂技还将继续发展下去。
Test 4
筷子的使用要追溯到古时候，那时候大部分中国人还是农民。那些农夫不想用脏手拿取食物，也不想被烫着，所以就开始用小树枝(twig)来夹取食物。因为中国人从小就使用筷子，所以他们觉得筷子效率很高，用起来很简单。筷子有木制的、竹制的和塑料制的，通常用右手使用。筷子的使用已经成为中国饮食文化的一部分。现如今，筷子除了作为餐具，还有了许多新的功能，比如，你可以买精致的筷子作为礼物送给朋友和亲戚。
The use of chopsticks dates back to ancient times when most Chinese were peasants. Those farmers didnt want to use their dirty hands to pick up foods, nor did they want to get burned, so they began using twigs to pick them up. Since Chinese begin using chopsticks as children, they find them efficient and easy to use. Chopsticks are made of wood, bamboo or plastic, and are generally held with the right hand. The use of chopsticks has been a part of Chinese food culture. Nowadays, chopsticks serve many new functions besides tableware. For example, you can buy exquisite chopsticks as a gift to your friends and relatives.
1. 第一句中，“追溯到……”可翻译为date back to…。
2. 第二句中，“也不想”用nor表示，该词放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装，需将助动词did提前，译为nor did they want to get burned。
3. 第三句中，“他们觉得筷子效率很高，用起来很简单”应根据英语的表达习惯，合译为一句话：they find them efficient and easy to use。
4. 第四句中，“筷子有木制的、竹制的和塑料制的”，这里由于可以看出原材料，所以使用be made of…。
5. 第六句中，“除了作为餐具”译作介词短语作状语，即besides tableware，其中besides表示“除……之外（还有）”。
Test 5
灯笼作为民间传统工艺(craftwork)，现在仍受到全国各地的欢迎。灯笼艺术，作为中国珍贵传统文化的一部分，在民间仍被继承（inherit）着。我们可以说灯笼在中国悠久的历史中发挥着巨大而不可替代的作用，它象征着灿烂的中国文化。中国灯笼不但在中国历史上扮演着重要的角色，在国际发明、发展上也做出了巨大的贡献。一些西方国家通过传教士(missionary)活动和对外贸易，掌握了中国灯笼的设计及制作技巧，极大地促进了其社会发展。
Lanterns, the traditional folk craftwork, are still popular all over the country now. The art of lanterns, as a part of the precious traditional Chinese culture, is still inherited among the people. We can say that lanterns played an important and irreplaceable role in Chinese long history, and they also symbolize the brilliant culture of China. Chinese lanterns not only played an important role in Chinese history, but also made great contributions to the international inventions and development. Some Western countries got the skills of designing and making Chinese lanterns by means of missionaries and foreign trading, which greatly fastened their social development.
1. 第一句中，“民间传统工艺”在这里就是指“灯笼”，可以处理为同位语。
2. 第二句中，“在民间”这里主要指人，译作among the people比较合适。
3. 第三句中，“灯笼在中国悠久的历史中发挥着巨大而不可替代的作用，它象征着灿烂的中国文化”在翻译时前后两个分句应该使用不同的时态，前一个分句用一般过去时，第二个分句则应该使用一般现在时。
4. 第四句中的“做出了巨大的贡献”译为made great contributions to…。
5. 在最后一句中，“通过……”译为 by means of…更贴切。
Test 6
提到中国文化就不能不提到中国饮食。中国的菜肴很丰富，种类繁多，源自中国56个民族(nationality)和广大的地域。中国北方多以面食为主，南方多以米食为主，这形成了巨大的反差。作为一种文化载体(carrier)，饺子是中国传统饮食文化的典型代表。唐宋时期，中国的面食得到了进一步的发展。与此同时，与其他国家的面食交流也开始了。随着时间的流逝，中国面食文化被继承与发展，创造出更多融古今风味于一体的全新面食。
It is impossible to mention Chinese culture without mentioning Chinese food. Chinese dishes are rich and varied in kind, originating from Chinas 56 nationalities and its vast territory. Additionally, the more wheatbased diet of Chinas Northern regions provides a sharp contrast in diet to the more ricebased diet of Chinas Southern regions. As a carrier of culture, dumpling is the typical example of traditional Chinese cuisine culture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chinese flour food got further development. Meanwhile, exchanges with other countries on flour food were carried out. As time goes by, the flour food culture has definitely been carried forward and further developed, creating more and more innovative flour delicates combining traditional and modern styles.
1. 第一句中，“提到……就不能不提到……”翻译成It is impossible to mention…without mentioning…。
2. 第二句中，“源自中国56个民族和广大的地域”可以译作现在分词短语作原因状语，即originating from Chinas 56 nationalities and its vast territory。
3. 第三句中，翻译时将其整合成一个句子，“中国北方多以面食为主”作主语，“形成了巨大的反差”作谓语，宾语则为“南方多以米食为主”。
4. 第四句中，“作为……” 译为 as引导的方式状语。
5. 第七句中， “融古今风味于一体”译作combining traditional and modern styles。
Test 7
今天，剪纸(papercutting)和古代一样是一项技术性很高的艺术形式，它需要创造力、技巧和经验。无论是简单的还是复杂的形式，每一个设计必须形成一个连续的、完整的(integral)剪纸。仔细研究你会发现中国人形成的那种巧妙的剪法既连接了内部的各个部分，还保持了图形的完整性。总体来说，剪纸有两种方法：一种是用剪子，另一种是用刀。由于窗户上的薄纸被玻璃替代，剪纸逐渐变得不那么流行。直到近几年，这门古老的艺术才以令人难忘的新形式再次繁荣起来。
Today, as in the ancient times, papercutting is a highly technical art form requiring creativities, skills and experience. No matter how simple or complex every design is, it must be formed as an unbroken and integral piece. With careful study, you will notice the ingenious cutting that the Chinese have developed not only connects various parts of the picture, but also doesnt spoil the picture. Generally, there are two common methods for papercutting, with scissors or with knives. As glass replaced the thin paper on windows, papercutting became less popular. Until recent years, this ancient art flourishes once again in an impressively new and inventive way.
1. 第一句中，“需要……”可翻译为现在分词短语作伴随状语，以使句子结构紧凑。
2. 第二句中，“无论……”可译为no matter how…。
3. 第三句中，“中国人形成的那种巧妙的剪法”可翻译为定语从句结构，“剪法”作先行词，“中国人形成的那种巧妙的剪法”作定语从句，译为the ingenious cutting that the Chinese have developed。
4. 第四句中，“剪纸有两种方法”翻译为there be 句型。
5. 最后一句中，“以令人难忘的新形式”翻译为in引导的方式状语，即in an impressively new and inventive way。
Test 8
传统中国装饰绳结，也就是我们所说的中国结（Chinese knot），是一种典型的中国本土艺术。这是一门独特的传统中国民间手工编织艺术，每个绳结只使用一根线，根据其形状和意义而命名。在中国，“结”意味着团结、友谊、和平、温暖和爱情等。中国结经常被用来表达良好的祝愿，包括幸福、繁荣和友爱(fraternity)。中国结，以其古典的优雅和日新月异的变化，既实用又富有装饰性，充分体现了中国文化的魅力和深度。
Traditional Chinese decorative knot, also known as Chinese knot, is a typical local art of China. It is a distinctive and traditional Chinese folk handicraft woven only from one piece of thread and named according to its shape and meaning. In China, “knot” means reunion, friendship, peace, warmth, love, etc. Chinese knots are often used to express good wishes, including happiness, prosperity and fraternity. The Chinese knot, with its classic elegance and everchanging variations, is both practical and ornamental, fully reflecting the grace and depth of Chinese culture.
1. 第一句中,“也就是我们所说的中国结”译为插入语，即also known as Chinese knot。
2. 第二句中，“根据”可译为according to或with accordance to。
3. 第四句中，“包括……”不必另起一句，直接翻译为including引导的介词短语即可。
4. 最后一句中，“以其古典的优雅和日新月异的变化”翻译为with引导的伴随状语，即with its classic elegance and everchanging variations。
Test 9
从公元前4000年开始，中国传统绘画已经持续发展了6000多年。它的发展不可避免地反映出时代和社会状况的变化。在它的早期发展阶段，中国绘画与其他工艺密切相关，从陶瓷（potteries）到青铜器（bronzes）和玉雕(carved jades)的装饰。中国画不断发展，并根据主题分为三类：人物画、山水画和花鸟画。例如，有的画家擅长画人物肖像，包括神仙(immortals)、皇帝和普通人。通过对像盛宴、参拜（worships）和街景这样的场景及活动的描绘，这些艺术家将人们的外貌、表情、思想和宗教信仰都表现出来了。
Starting around 4000 B.C., traditional Chinese painting has developed continuously over a period of more than 6,000 years. Its growth has inevitably reflected the changes of times and social conditions. In its early stage of development, Chinese painting was closely related to other crafts, from potteries to the decorations used on the bronzes and carved jades. Chinese painting develops all the time, and is classified by theme into three genres: figure paintings， landscape paintings and birdandflower paintings. For instance, some painters are specialized in painting portraits with images of immortals, emperors and common people included in their works. Through their depictions of such scenes and activities as feasts, worships and street scenes, these artists reflect the appearances, expressions, ideas, and religious beliefs of the people.
1. 第一句中，“已经持续发展了6000多年”翻译时应使用现在完成时。
2. 第二句中，“时代和社会状况的变化”可译为the changes of times and social conditions。
3. 第三句中，“从陶瓷到青铜器和玉雕的装饰”可以使用from…to…结构，其中“青铜器和玉雕的装饰”可以译作过去分词短语作定语的形式，即：from potteries to the decorations used on the bronzes and carved jades。
4. 第四句中，“根据主题分为……”可以译为is classified by theme into…。
5. 最后一句中，虽然句子较长，但其结构简单，只需根据中文顺序翻译即可。
Test 10
传统的中国服饰较多地使用深色，所以庆典礼服(ceremonial clothing)倾向于深色，配以色彩明亮、精心设计的图案。普通老百姓日常生活中穿的最多的是浅色衣服。中国人将某些颜色与特定季节联系在一起：绿色代表春天，红色代表夏天，白色代表秋天，黑色象征冬天。据传古时中国人在穿着上有一套成熟的体系，要求进行颜色和明暗的搭配、协调与对比。今天，服饰设计师将传统和现代的观点融合在一起，创造出了新的时尚元素（fashion elements）。
Traditional Chinese clothing favored darker colors than lighter ones, so the main color of ceremonial clothing tended to be dark with bright and elaborate designs accented. Lighter colored clothing was worn frequently by common people for everyday and around the house use. The Chinese associate certain colors with specific seasons: green is spring, red stands for summer, white represents autumn, and black symbolizes winter. The ancient Chinese were said to have a fully developed system of matching, coordinating, and contrasting colors and shades of light and dark in apparel. Today, fashion designers use a mixture of traditional and modern ideas to create new fashion elements.
1. 第一句中,“较多地使用”用favored…表示，使语言显得更生动。
2. 第二句强调的是“衣服”，而不是“老百姓”，所以最好用“衣服”作主语，译为被动语态。
3. 第三句中，“绿色代表春天，红色代表夏天，白色代表秋天，黑色象征冬天”，四个小短句中的“代表”和“象征”分别译为：is，stands for，represents和symbolizes，这样不会给人单一、枯燥的感觉。
4. 第四句中，“要求进行颜色和明暗的搭配、协调与对比”可以翻译为of引出的介词短语作后置定语，即of matching, coordinating, and contrasting colors and shades of light and dark in apparel。
5. 最后一句中，“融合在一起”译为 a mixture of。
Test 11
早在文字出现之前，就有人发明了风筝，因此关于它的起源有各种各样的说法。中国人拥有制造风筝最基本的材料——丝绸和竹子，而且中国人是最早用文字记录风筝的。据记载，公元前478年中国的一位哲学家（philosopher）墨子花了三年时间用木头做成了一只会飞的鸟。有很多说法解释风筝是怎样被发明出来的，有一个说法是有个中国人的帽子被风吹掉了，但是挂在了衣领（neckband）上，于是就在风中飞了起来；还有一个说法是为了让高处的旗帜更醒目。
As kites were invented before the written words, many versions of how they originated have emerged. The Chinese had the basic available materials to make kites—silk and bamboo, and the Chinese were the first people to write about kites in words. In 478 B.C., it was recorded that a Chinese philosopher, Mo Zi, spent 3 years making a bird from wood which could fly. There are many sayings as to how the kite was invented—one is that a Chinese mans hat may have been blown off and was caught by the neckband which made it fly in the wind. Another saying is that it can make a high banner more visible.
1. 第一句中，句子结构紧凑，翻译成英文最好也用一句话，根据语义之间的关系，前半部分译为as引导的原因状语从句较好。
2. 第二句中，“用文字”可以翻译为in words。
3. 第三句中，“据记载”可译为it was recorded that…。
4. 第四句为无主句，可以翻译为there be句型。翻译时用破折号引出风筝起源的两种说法，起到解释、说明的作用。
Test 12
纸的发明对世界文化和国际交流是一个重大的贡献。最早的汉字是刻在动物的骨头或乌龟壳上的。战国时期(the Warring States Period)，文字开始被刻在竹简（bamboo slips）上。然而，骨头、竹片和木头都非常重，不便于携带。到了西汉时期，当时的贵族(noble caste)用的是丝绸或棉花做的薄纸。这种纸不仅便于书写，还特别适合作画。但是其造价太高，平民百姓根本承受不起。公元105年，东汉官员蔡伦在学习总结前人造纸方法的基础上发明了一种新型的低成本植物纤维(fiber)纸。
The invention of paper making is a great contribution to the worlds cultural development and international communication. The earliest Chinese characters were carved on animals bones or tortoises shells. During the Warring States Period, bamboo slips were used instead. However, bones, bamboo slips and woods were too heavy to carry. During the Western Han Dynasty, the noble caste wrote on thin paper made of silk or cotton. Its easy to write and even excellent to paint on this kind of paper. However, it was so expensive that the civilians couldnt afford it. In 105 A.D., Cai Lun, a highranking official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, learned from the old way of paper making and invented a new cheap plant fiber paper.
1. 第一句中，“对……是一个重大的贡献”翻译为a great contribution t
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