外科学总论英文名词解释-专业汇总.doc

isotonic dehydration
occurs when the fluid lost is isotonic with serum, as in sweating, simple enteritis, nephrosis. There are therefore no errors of electrolyte balance likely to result.
The concentration of sodium is in the normal range.
hypotonic dehydration
occurs when there is loss of both sodium and fluid .The serum sodium level falls below 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal.
hypertonic dehydration
A condition caused by the excessive loss of water from the body，which there is less electrolyte loss than water.The serum sodium level is over 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal.
water intoxication/dilutional hyponatremia
an increase in the volume of free water in the body. Common causes are excessive ingestion of water, increased infusions of hypotonic IV solutions, or excess secretions of antidiuretic hormone(ADH). Clinical manifestations are abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and dizziness. It can potentially lead to convulsions and coma.
hypokalemia
an abnormally low serum potassium level(<3.5mmol/L). Hypokalemia may occur in metabolic alkalosis, chronic diarrhea, Cushing syndrome, primary aldosteronism, and excessive use of cortisone, or ACTH.
hyperkalemia
abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood(above 5.5mmol/L), most often due to defective renal excretion, as in kidney disease, severe and extensive burns, intestinal obstruction, diabetes mellitus, acute renal failure and hypoadrenocorticism.
metabolic acidosis
Decreased pH(below 7.35) and bicarbonate concentration of the body fluids caused either by the accumulation of excess acids stronger than carbonic acid or by abnormal losses of bicarbonate from the body.
metabolic alkalosis
An increase in the alkalinity of body fluids due to an increase in alkali intake or a decrease in acid concentration, as from vomiting. pH is over 7.45.
respiratory acidosis
Acidosis that is caused by retention of carbon dioxide, due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation or hypoventilation, and that results in a decrease in blood pH unless compensated for by renal retention of bicarbonate.
respiratory alkalosis
an abnormal condition characterized by a high plasma pH(over 7.45) resulting from increased alveolar ventilation. The consequent acceleration of carbon dioxide excretion lowers the plasma level of carbonic acid, thus raising plasma pH. The hyperventilation may be caused by pulmonary and nonpulmonary problems. Some pulmonary causes are acute asthma, pulmonary vascular disease, and pneumonia. Some nonpulmonary causes are aspirin toxicity, anxiety, fever etc.
acepsis
the exclusion of all microorganisms before they can enter an open surgical wound or contaminate a sterile field during surgery
sterilization
the process of destroying all microorganisms and their pathogenic products. It is accomplished by heat (wet steam or dry heat ) or by bactericidal chemical compounds.
disinfection
The process or act of destroying pathogenic microorganisms. However, certain bacterial spores may survive and germinate which could lead to contamination.
blood transfusion
the administration of whole blood or a component, such as packed red cells, to replace blood lost through trauma, surgery, or disease,in order to supplement blood volume, improve circulatory function and oxygen-carrying ability, increase the plasma protein and enhance immunity and coagulation function.
hematocrit HCT
a measure of the packed cell volume of red cells, expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume. The normal range is between 43% and 49% in men and between 37% and 43% in women.
tansfusion reaction
a group of clinical signs due to antibody in the recipient's blood reacting with the transfused red blood cells when blood for transfusion is incorrectly matched, or when the recipient has an adverse reaction to some element of the donor blood.
SIRS
an inflammatory state affecting the whole body, frequently a response of the immune system to infection, but not necessarily so. It is related to sepsis, a condition in which individuals both meet criteria for SIRS and have a known or highly suspected infection.
Temperature < 36oC or > 38oC
Heart rate > 90 beats/min
Respiratory rate pCO2 < 32 mm Hg or > 20 breaths/min
WBC count < 4 x 109 or > 12 x 109 or , or the presence of > 0.10 immature neutrophils
transfusion-related acute lung injury TRALI
a syndrome seen in persons receiving transfusions, characterized by pulmonary edema, dyspnea, hypoxemia, hypotension, and fever; it is thought to be a reaction to antibodies or other components of the donor blood product. Patients need oxygen support, and in some cases the syndrome can be fatal.
transfusion associated graft versus host disease
is a rare complication of blood transfusion, in which the donor T lymphocytes mount an immune response against the recipient's lymphoid tissue. Donor lymphocytes are usually identified as foreign and destroyed by the recipient's immune system. However, in situations where the recipient is immunocompromised, or when the donor is homozygous and the recipient is heterozygous for an HLA haplotype , the recipient's immune system is not able to destroy the donor lymphocytes. This can result in graft versus host disease.
autologous blood transfusion/autotransfusion
Infusion of blood or blood products into the individual from whom they were originally withdrawn.
fresh frozen plasma FFP
an unconcentrated form of blood plasma containing all of the clotting factors except platelets. It can be used to supplement red blood cells when whole blood is not available for exchange transfusion or to correct a bleeding problem of unknown cause. It is also used to correct disseminated intravascular coagulation.
fresh plasma FP
a form of blood plasma which is obtained after FFP is melted at 4℃ and cryoprecipitate is removed.
cryoprecipitate Cryo
A product derived from a unit of whole blood, which has a volume of 15 ml and provides 80 units of factor VIII:C procoagulant–for hemophilia A, factor VIII:vWF–von Willebrand's disease, factor XIII, fibronectin, fibrinogen–for DIC, dysfibrinogenemia.It is the unmelted element of FFP under 4℃.
plasma substitute/plasma volume expander
a substance that can be transfused to maintain fluid volume of the blood in event of great necessity, supplemental to the use of whole blood and plasma. Called also artificial plasma extender.
shock
Shock is a medical emergency in which the organs and tissues of the body are not receiving an adequate flow of blood. This deprives the organs and tissues of oxygen (carried in the blood) and allows the buildup of waste products.Causal factors include hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, inadequate fluid intake, or excessive fluid loss, resulting in hypovolemia. Shock can result in serious damage or even death.
hypovolemic shock
This is a common type that happens when blood or plasma is lost in such quantities that the remaining blood cannot fill the circulatory system despite constriction of the blood vessels. The blood loss may be external, as when a vessel is severed by an injury, or the blood may be “lost” into spaces inside the body where it is no longer accessible to the circulatory system, as in severe gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers, fractures of large bones with hemorrhage into surrounding tissues, or major burns that attract large quantities of blood fluids to the burn site outside blood vessels and capillaries.
hemorrhagic shock
Hypovolemic shock resulting from acute hemorrhage and characterized by hypotension, tachycardia, oliguria, and by pale, cold, and clammy skin.
traumatic shock
refers to shock following physical trauma, with hemorrhage, peripheral blood vessel dilation, and changes in capillary permeability.
septic shock
shock associated with overwhelming infection, usually by gram-negative bacteria, although it may be produced by other bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. It is thought to result from the action of endotoxins or other products of the infectious agent.
warm shock
referring to a stage in early septic shock, which is characterised by increased cardiac output, arterial and arteriolar dilatation, decreased peripheral arterial resistance, increased peripheral perfusion, no fluid losses and third spacing and minimal catecholamine effect
MODS
the presence of altered organ function in acutely ill patients such that homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention. It usually involves two or more organ systems.
CVP
the pressure of blood in the right atrium. Measurement of central venous pressure is made possible by the insertion of a catheter through the median cubital vein to the superior vena cava.The normal range for CVP is 0 to 5 mm H2O. A reading of 15 to 20 mm usually indicates inability of the right atrium to accommodate the current blood volume
PCWP
An indirect indication of left atrial pressure obtained by wedging a catheter into a small pulmonary artery tightly enough to block flow from behind and thus to sample the pressure beyond.
CO cardiac output
the effective volume of blood expelled by either ventricle of the heart per unit of time (usually per minute).It is equal to the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate. Normal values are 4 to 6 liters per minute.
CI cardiac index
cardiac output per unit time divided by body surface area.Its normal range in a healthy adult is 2.5 to 3.5 L/min/m2.
CAIS
a complex pattern of immunologic responses to severe infection or injury. CARS is a global deactivation of the immune system tasked with restoring homeostasis.
ARF acute renal failure
renal failure of sudden onset, such as from physical trauma, infection, inflammation, or toxicity. Symptoms include uremia and usually oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. Three types are distinguished: prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal.
ARDS acute respiratory ditress syndrome
is a lung condition that leads to low oxygen levels in the blood. ARDS can be life threatening. This is because body's organs, such as the kidneys and brain, need oxygen-rich blood to work properly.ARDS usually occurs in people who are very ill with another disease or who have major injuries.
acute gastrointestinal dysfunction
is an acute gastrointestinal pathological condition with gastrointestinal mucosa damage, motor and barrier dysfunction.See in trauma, burn, shock etc.
oliguria
a diminished capacity to form and pass urine-less than 400 mL in every 24 hours-so that the end products of metabolism cannot be excreted efficiently. It is usually caused by imbalances in body fluids and electrolytes, renal lesions, or urinary tract obstruction.
anuria
the absence of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100 mL per day. Anuria may be caused by a failure or kidney dysfunction, a decline in blood pressure below that required to maintain filtration pressure in the kidney, or an obstruction in the urinary passages.
azotemia
retention of excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds in the blood. This toxic condition is caused by failure of the kidneys to remove urea from the blood and is characteristic of uremia.
uremia
the presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, as occurs in renal failure.Manifestations include weakness, headache, confusion, vomiting, and coma, and in terminal chronic renal disease, purpura and epistaxis may be present. Uremia is caused by insufficient urinary excretion for any reason.
VILL ventilator-induced lung injury
Ventilator induced lung injury occurs when the lung is directly damaged by the action of mechanical ventilation, mainly volutrauma.
AHF acute hepatic failure
the appearance of severe complications rapidly after the first signs of liver disease (such as jaundice), and indicates that the liver has sustained severe damage (loss of function of 80-90% of liver cells). The complications are hepatic encephalopathy and impaired protein synthesis.
stress ulcer
Stress ulcers are single or multiple mucosal defects which can become complicated by upper gastrointestinal bleeding during the physiologic stress of serious illness. stress ulcers are found commonly in fundic mucosa and can be located anywhere within the stomach and proximal duodenum.
anesthesia
the condition of having sensation (including the feeling of pain) blocked or temporarily taken away. It is a pharmacologically induced and reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes or decreased stress response, or all simultaneously. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience.
inhalation anesthetics
An inhalational anaesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anaesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation. Agents of significant contemporary clinical interest include volatile anaesthetic agents such as isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, as well as certain anaesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide.
MAC minimum alveolar concentration
The MAC is the concentration of the vapour (measured as a percentage at 1 atmosphere, i.e the partial pressure) that prevents the reaction to a standard surgical stimulus (traditionally a set depth and width of skin incisions) in 50% of subjects. This measurement is done at steady state (assuming a constant alveolar concentration for 15 minutes), under the assumption that this allows for an equilibration between the gasses in the alveoli, the blood and the brain. MAC is accepted as a valid measure of potency of inhalational general anaesthetics because it remains fairly constant for a given species even under varying conditions.
blood/gas partition coefficient
the ratio of concentrations of anesthetics in the blood and gas at equilibrium. it is used to discribe the dissolved quantity of one anesthetics in unit volume of blood.
intravenous anesthetics
An agent that produces anesthesia when injected into the bloodstream via venipuncture. Very often, this term is used to refer to general anesthesia, frequently required during surgery to promote total unconsciousness of a patient.
muscle relaxants
Skeletal muscle relaxants are drugs that relax striated muscles (those that control the skeleton). They are a separate class of drugs from the muscle relaxant drugs used during intubations and surgery to reduce the need for anesthesia and facilitate intubation.
combined anesthesia/balanced anesthesia
a highly variable technique of general anesthesia using narcotic analgesics, muscle relaxation, and minimal inhalation agent and nitrous oxide to render the patient unconscious.this can summate the advantages but not the disadvantages of the individual components of the mixture.
local anesthesia
Local or regional anesthesia involves the injection or app