赖世雄美语从头学-初级篇(下).doc

赖世雄美语从头学-初级篇(下)
1. Light up点火(不及物动词) You can’t light up here , smoking isn’t allowed put out熄灭
2. It is no use + doing …是没有用的 It’s no use talking to her pay a heavy price付出惨痛/很大的代价
3. Stop + doing 停止正在做的事情 John stopped talking to me when his father walked in
Stop + to do停下去做另一件事 John stopped to talk to me when he saw me约翰看到我时便停下来与我说话
4. Try + doing尝试/试试… Don’t try swimming alone in the river
Try + to do设法要… I’ll try to call you later today
5. 关系代词一共有who、whom、which、that、whose五个，均视为连词，引导定语从句。该从句视为形容词，修饰之前的名词，下面分别说明各关系代词的用法(关系代词均应紧邻被代替的名词之后)：
1) Who、whom：这两个关系代词专门修饰人，换言之，who、whom之前一定有一个表示人的名词。Who在从句中作主语，whom则作宾语。
John is my good friend who never lies John is my good friend whom I trusted
2) Which：which是用以代替除人以外一切事物(如动物、植物、静物、地方、概念等)的关系代词，在所引导的定语从句中，可作主语或宾语。使用时之前一定要有可被代替(除人以外)的名词。
He doesn’t study , which makes his father angry He lives in Shanghai , which I want to visit soon
3) Whose：whose是所有格关系代词，代替his、her、their、its等人或物的所有格代词。Whose之后应置名词，即“whose + 名词”。“whose + 名词”在所引导的定语从句中可作主语或宾语。
He is John , whose father is my teacher He is John , whose son I used to teach
4) That：that亦可作关系代词，可等于who、whom或which。但that之前不可置逗号。Who、whom或which之前则视需要置逗号或不置逗号。
He is the man whom you can trust = He is the man that you can trust
6. 关系代词的限制性修饰及非限制性修饰用法：
1) 限制性修饰：关系代词引导的定语从句旨在修饰名词，使该名词有其特殊性，此时关系代词之前不置逗号，译成中文时，先译定语从句(译成“…的”)，再译被修饰的名词。这种之前无逗号的定语从句就是限制性修饰
He is a person who never lies 他是个从不说谎的人(对的) 他是个人，他从不说谎(错的)
2) 非限制性修饰：有些名词本身就具有特殊性，如gentleman、saint。或该名词之前已有形容词修饰，增加其特殊性，如a good person、a great man。此时这些名词之后若有定语从句修饰时，该从句并非必要，只是附加说明主语而已，故关系代词之前可置逗号，以减低该从句的重要性。这种之前有逗号的定语从句就是非限制性修饰。译成中文时，先译被修饰的名词，再译之后的定语从句。
He is a gentleman, who never lies 他是君子，从不说谎
以上例句也可采用限制性修饰，以更增加被修饰的名词之特殊性
He is a gentleman who never lies 他是个从不说谎的君子
3) 专有名词(如John、Peter、Shanghai)或少数的名词(如my father、his mother)本身就有普遍强烈的特殊性(即一提到这些名词，大家都知道指的是谁)，故之后的定语从句一定采用非限制性修饰，即关系代词之前一定要有逗号
Here comes Mary, who is my girlfriend 玛丽来了，她是我的女友
7. When it comes to + doing 一说到… When it comes to spelling , Sam is the best in our class
8. 名词性从句的种类及其功能：
名词性从句的种类：
1) That引导的名词性从句：这种从句乃由陈述句变化而成。我们在陈述句之前冠以that，即成名词性从句。
陈述句：He works hard 名词性从句：that he works hard
2) Whether引导的名词性从句：这种从句乃由一般疑问句(即可用yes或no回答的问句)变化而成。在一般疑问句前冠以whether，原倒装的句子结构还原成不倒装的型态即成名词性从句
①be动词：一般疑问句Is he happy? 名词性从句Whether he is happy?
②助动词(can、will、have等)：一般疑问句Will he come? 名词性从句Whether he will come
③do、does、did等助动词引导的疑问句变成名词性从句时，先冠以whether，次将do、does、did去除，疑问句中的动词原形再按do、does、did及主语还原成应有的时态
一般疑问句Do they like it? 名词性从句Whether they like it
3) 疑问词(what、where、when、how、why、who、whom、which、whose等)引导的名词性从句，这种从句乃由特殊疑问句(即不能用yes或no回答的问句)变化而成。我们保留原疑问词，原来倒装的句子结构还原成不倒装的型态而成名词性从句
①be动词：特殊疑问句who is he? 名词性从句Who he is
②助动词：特殊疑问句When will he come? 名词性从句When he will come
③含有do、does、did的疑问句：此类疑问句变成名词性从句时，先保留句首的疑问词，次将do、does、did去除，疑问句中的动词原形按do、does、did及主语还原成应有的时态
特殊疑问句How did he do it 名词性从句How he did it
注意：特殊疑问句中，若疑问代词who、what、which作主语，该疑问句变成名词性从句时，句子结构不变
特殊疑问句Who will come/what happened 名词性从句Who will come/what happened
名词性从句的功能：名词性从句可以说是一种用作名词的句子，所不同的是：
1) 从句之前一定要 有that、whether或疑问词
2) 从句不能做句子使用，换言之，从句不能独立存在
3) 名词性从句与名词一样，在句中可用作主语、及物动词的宾语、或置于be动词之后作主语补足语
①作主语：That he is a good student is true Whether he’ll come is not known yet
注意：名词性从句作主语时，往往会形成主语过大的毛病，故一般接用代词It代替这些从句
It is true that he is a good student It is not known yet whether he’ll come
②作宾语：I believe that he can do it I don’t know whether he’ll come
注意：that引导的名词性从句作及物动词的宾语时，that可省略I believe (that) he can do it
注意：whether引导的名词性从句作及物动词的宾语时，whether可被if取代，if仍译成“是否”而非“如果”
I don’t know whether he’ll come = I don’t know if he’ll come
③作主语补足语：The truth is that he has no money The question is that whether he’ll come
9. They say that = it is said that据说… 有人说… get along well with… 与…相处的很好
10. Society使用此单词时通常不与冠词连用 Kill Carl is a danger to society
11. Suffer from遭受… be stressed out饱受压力 Jack is stressed out because he has too much work
12. Do exercise做运动(美式用法) take exercise做运动(英式用法)
13. More and more可作形容词或副词，多用于进行时的句子中，用法如下：
1) 作形容词：more and more译成“越来越多的”，之后接复数名词或不可数名词
More and more students are learning English He is making more and more money
2) 作副词：more and more译成“越来越多的”，之后接副词或形容词
He is doing things more and more carefully She is getting more and more beautiful
被修饰的形容词或副词若属单音节(偶有两个音节)，则通常直接将该形容词或副词变成比较级，形成下列用法：
比较级+and+比较级 His English is getting better and better He is walking faster and faster
14. People must , therefore , learn to deal with his new kind of problem
The best way , however , is to keep a good sense of humor
以上两句中的therefore及however均为插入在句中的副词。它们亦均可置于句首，即：
Therefore , people must learn to deal with his new kind of problem
However , the best way is to keep a good sense of humor
注意：therefore或however插入在句中时，这两个单词两旁应各置一逗号，习惯的用法是，它们多插于主语与动词之间，助动词(will、can、may)与动词之间，主语与助动词之间
1) 主语与动词之间：He is nice. I , therefore , like him
2) 助动词与动词之间/主语与助动词之间：
Father gave me money. I can , therefore , buy a pen = Father gave me money. I therefore , can buy a pen
15. What’s the matter with you? = what’s wrong with you? = what happened to you?你怎么了
16. Be under a lot of pressure受到很大的压力
17. be about the size of约…一样大 Bill’s living room is about the size of my house
18. 必须使用that取代关系代词who、whom、which：
1) 在有最高级形容词修饰的名词之后
He is the best student whom I’ve ever taught(错的) He is the best student (that) I’ve ever taught(对的)
2) 在有the only修饰的名词之后
He is the only boy who knows the answer(错的) He is the only boy that knows the answer(对的)
3) 在有序数词(如the first、the second…the last)修饰的名次之后
The last question which he asked was interesting(错的) The last question that he asked was interesting(对的)
19. Everyday每天的，日常的。使用该单词时其后需接名词 This textbook was written for everyday use
Every day分开写时作副词，表“每天”，通常置于句首或句尾使用 I read the newspaper every day
20. Replace A with B用B取代A In modern cities , buses are being replaced with subways
21. Be no exception不例外 make a long-distance call打长途电话 a collect call向受话人收费的电话
22. On the pay phone在投币电话上 名词如phone、radio或TV，多与介词on并用
23. Instead相反地，代替 使用该单词时，通常将其置于句首，其后置逗号，再接主语和动词
I didn’t go to the library , Instead , I stayed home and studied
Instead与of并用时，形成“instead of +名词/动名词”的介词短语，表“非但不…反而…”之意
Instead of driving to work , I take the bus
24. 分词短语的形成：when、while、if、unless、once、though等均为连词，其所引导的状语从句中，主语若与主句的主语相同时，该状语从句即可简化为分词短语，简化原则如下：
第一步：删除从句中的主语
第二步：主语之后的动词变成现在分词
第三步：若动词为be动词，则一律变成现在分词being，而being均予以省略
When I am rich , I will buy a watch ——>when being rich , I will buy a watch——>when rich , I will buy a watch
注意：unless、once、though、if所引导的状语从句简化成分词短语时，原从句的句子结构多为“主语+be动词”，但when或while所引导的从句简化为分词短语时，原从句的句子结构则不一定要接be动词，接其他动词也可
When you do the work , you must be careful——>when doing the work , you must be careful
25. Take pride in = be proud of…以…为荣 Pride comes from a fall骄兵必败
26. No matter how的用法：由于how是副词，表示“多么地、如何地”，之后应接副词或形容词以供修饰。How亦可修饰动词，此时how之后接主语再接动词即可
1) 修饰副词时，副词应紧接于how之后
No matter how hard he tried,he couldn’t solve the problem=However hard he tried,he couldn’t solve the problem
2) 修饰形容词时，形容词紧接于how之后
No matter how nice he is , I don’t like him = However nice he is , I don’t like him
3) 修饰动词时，how之后接主语，再接动词
No matter how you try , you won’t succeed = However you try , you won’t succeed
有以上例句可知，however有下列两种词性：
1) 作副词，表示“然而、不过”，此时however之后要置逗号 He is nice , however , I don’t like him
2) 作连词，表示“不论多么…”，此时however之后不得置逗号 However nice he is , I don’t like him
No matter what的造句法：no matter what亦为连词，表示“不论什么…”，等于whatever，亦引导状语从句，修饰之后的主句。What是代词，在该从句中要作主语、宾语或be动词之后的主语补足语。
1) 作主语：No matter what happens, I’ll support you
2) 作宾语：No matter what he says, I don’t believe him
3) 作be动词之后的主语补足语：No matter what he is , he must obey the law
27. Congratulations on +事物 因…表示恭喜 Congratulations on getting an “A” on your biology test
28. Go on a diet节食，照规定饮食 be on a diet在节食中
29. Simply简单地，就是。
表“就是”时，为强调用法；在肯定句中，需置于被修饰的动词前，Paul simply said that you need to work harder
在否定句中，则置于助动词之前，I simply don’t want to go to your party
30. 不定式短语作状语时，可置于句首或句尾，用以表示目的，相当于中文的“为了要…”该短语可置于句首，此时短语之后应置逗号，但该断句亦可置于句尾，之前则不可置逗号。
置于句首：To catch the train , John got up early
置于句尾：John got up early to catch the train
表示目的的不定式短语亦可用下列短语取代：
To + do = in order to + do = so as to + do = with a view to +doing = with an eye to + doing
He got up early to catch the train = He got up early in order to catch the train = He got up early so as to catch the train = He got up early with a view to catching the train = He got up early with an eye to catching the train
In order to引导的短语亦可置于句首，之后置逗号。但so as to引导的短语则通常只置于句尾，而不至于句首。
31. Live a…life = lead a… life过着…的生活
live可作不及物动词，作“居住”解，之后接表示场所的介词短语或副词 They live in the city They live there
live也可作及物动词，表示“过(某种)生活”，此时只能用life作其宾语 They lived a happy life
32. Get around + 地方名词 How do you get around town if you don’t have a car
33. Know + 事物/人 + like the back of one’s hand了解某事物或人有如某人的手背一样，比喻“对某事物了如指掌”
34. By taxi 乘坐出租车 介词by之后可置表示交通工具的名词如taxi、train、bus、car、plane、ship等表示“乘坐某种交通工具”的意思。这些名词之前不可再置冠词the或不定冠词a/an
35. Cheat on+人 欺骗某人的感情，对某人不忠实 tell on +人泄漏某人的底细或打小报告，对某人产生不良影响
36. Toss and turn翻来覆去睡不着，辗转反侧
37. Give directions指路，告诉如何走法 Can you give me directions to the train station , please?
38. Be like looking for a needle in a haystack 如大海捞针
39. 现在分词与过去分词均可作形容词用，这些分词分别有下列的意思：
现在分词：令人.,.,的 正在…的(即将…的) 过去分词：感到…的 已经…的
换言之，表示“令人…的”或“正在…的”时，应使用现在分词作形容词；表示“感到..的”或“已经…的”时，则应使用过去分词作形容词。如普通形容词一样，这些分词或可置于be动词之后，作主语补足语；或可置于名词之前，修饰该名词。
1) 令人…的 It is a tiring trip这是令人很累的一段形成 The news is encouraging这消息令人振奋
2) 感到…的 He was tired after the long walk走完这段好长的路之后，他感到累了
3) 正在…的 The retiring teacher made a farewell speech 这位即将退休的老师作了一次告别演说
4) 已经…的 The retired teacher was invited to give a speech yesterday这位退休老师昨天应邀发表演说
40. Be named after以…命名 Barry was named after his uncle
41. It is said that之后由that引导的名词性从句志宏的动词为现在式或现在进行式时，可将that引导的名词性从句中之主语移至句首，次接is said或are said，再接虚词to，并将that引导的名词性从句中的动词改成动词原形
It is said that he works hard——>He is said to work hard 据说他工作很努力
It is said that they are learning English——>They are said to be learning English 据说他们正在学英语
It is said之后由that引导的名词性从句中的动词为过去式或现在完成时，可将that引导的名词性从句中的主语移至句首，次将is said或are said，再接虚词to，并将that引导的名词性从句中动词的过去式或现在完成时一律改成“have+过去分词”
It is said that he left an hour ago——>He is said to have left an hour ago 据说他一个小时前离开了
It is said that they have come back——>They are said to have come back 据说他们已经回来了
It is believed that、It seems that与It is said that有类似的用法
Seems之后有to be时，to be可省略：He seems to be a good boy = He seems a good boy
42. How come+主语+动词…?
How come he hates her so much? = Why does he hate her so much?
How come you are interested in learning English? = Why are you interested in learning English?
43. First name = given name名 last name = surname = family name姓 be named after以…命名
中国人是姓在前，名在后(Zhang Shan Zhang是last name，Shan是first name)
美国人是姓在后，名在前(Robert Smith Smith是last name , Robert是first name)
英美人士常有和父亲、母亲、叔叔、婶婶或其他任何值得的人取相同名字的习惯以示尊教。中国人没有这习惯。
44. What about+人？=How about+人?某人又如何呢？ What about me ? = How about me ?
What about+动名词？=How about+动名词？咱们…你看如何？ How/What about going to the movies tonight?
45. The bread is two days old , it is not fresh这面包放了两天了，所以它并不新鲜
46. For+所有格+sake=For the sake of+名词 为了…的缘故 For your own sake , you should go on a diet
47. Do one’s part to+动词原形 尽某人一己之力做… We should all do our part to help clean up the park
48. 一般而言，形容词多置于be动词或become、seem等系动词之后，作主语补足语
The child is clever He became strong from exercising He seems angry
Get亦可表示“变成”的意思，相当于become，但become之后可置任何的形容词，get之后的形容词则有选择，一般而言，下列形容词可置于get之后：
1) 与“生气”有关的形容词：angry、mad、crazy He got mad when he heard the news
2) 与“健康”有关的形容词：ill、sick、well He got ill last week = He fell ill last week
3) Get之后亦可接过去分词，形成被动语态，等于“be动词+过去分词” He got injured in the traffic accident
4) Get若使用于现在进行时中，之后可接一般形容词，这些形容词多用于比较级，即：be getting +比较级形容词 and 比较级形容词 / be getting more and more+形容词
She is getting more and more beautiful His English is getting better and better
49. 两个形容词共同修饰一个名词时，本应该使用and连接，但亦可使用都哈取代and，使该两个形容词的关系更加密切。 Nobody gets along with that selfish and mean guy = Nobody gets along with that selfish , mean guy
有些形容词与名词并用，形成一个固定的用语(如an old man、a young boy、a red car)，此时之前另置形容词时，该形容词之后不得再置逗号或and That kind old man is his father who is that beautiful young girl?
50. Air-con=air conditioner空调 dispose of对…加以处理 garbage disposal垃圾处理
51. It is in one’s own best interest to+动词原形 …对某人是最有利的 interest此处翻译成“利益”
It is in our own best interest to avoid arguing with others避免和别人争论对你是最有利的
52. 主句+so that+主语+may/can/will+动词原形
1) So that亦可被in order that取代 He studied hard in order that(so that) he can pass the exam
2) So that与in order that所引导的状语从句中的主语若与主句中的主语相同时，该从句可改为“so as to+动词原形”或“in order to+动词原形”。主语不同时则不能采用此句法。
He studied hard in order to pass the exam = He studied hard so as to pass the exam
3) So as to或in order to与not并用时，应为so as not to或In order not to
I left early so as not to miss the train = I left early in order not to miss the train
53. Be full of=be filled with充满…
54. Be known之后，常用的介词有下列三个：
1) Be known as+身份 以某身份被人所知；众所周知的… He is known as a great scientist
2) Be known for+事物 因某事物为人所知 He is known for his musical talent
3) Be known to+人 被某人所知 He is known to all of us
55. 形容词famous、renowned、noted，均表示“出名的”，之后可使用介词as或for
Be noted/renowned/famous as+身份 以某身份被人所知 Be noted/renowned/famous for+事物 因某事为人所知
56. She is easy to get along with others(错的) She is willing to get along with others(对的) 两句的区别如下： 1. 人+be动词+形容词+to+动词原形：在上列的句型中，形容词必须有“出自某人心中的意愿”的涵义。常用的这些形容词有willing、glad、eager、longing、anxious。这些形容词之后要接虚词to引导的不定式短语。短语中若动词原形是不及物动词，之后不得置宾语；若动词原形是及物动词，之后应置宾语；若短语语尾有介词，亦应置宾语。
He is willing to go(go不及物动词) He is eager to do it(do及物动词)
2. Easy、difficult、hard等形容词，是修饰事情的形容词，不可用来修饰人。
He is easy(用法错误) The job is easy Singing is hard for me To do the work is easy
以上例句中，我们可用名词(the job)，动名词(singing)、或不定式短语(to do the work)作主语，be动词之后可接easy、hard等形容词作主语补足语
3. 不定式短语作主语时，若该短语最后一个字是宾语，可将该宾语变作主语，短语的其余部分则移至句尾。该主语仍同时作句尾及物动词或介词的宾语。
To do the work is hard(the work是不定式短语中do的宾语，故可变作主语，to do移至句尾)The work is hard to do
在上句中the work仍可作句尾do的宾语，故不用写成The work is hard to do it(错的，it是多余的)
57. Most of all重要的是，尤其是 I love seafood , most of all , I love to eat tuna fish
58. 名词同位语：所谓名词同位语，就是在名词之后另置一个名词，而两个名词地位相等。此时我们称第二个名词为第一个名词的同位语。
This is John , a friend of mine John , an English professor , teaches very well
名词同位语乃由下列定语从句简化而成：Who/which+be动词+名词
This is John , who is a friend of mine=This is John , a friend of mine
John , who is an English professor, teaches well=John, an English prodessor , teaches well
由于名词同位语均由非限制性定语从句(即关系代词who或which之前要有逗号)简化而成，故名词同位语之前应亦有逗号。若名词同位语在句中出现时，之后亦应置逗号；若在句尾出现时则置句号。
59. Easier said than done = It is easier to be said than to be done说起来容易做起来难
60. Be a slave to 做…的奴隶 Oliver is a slave to his job , he is always at the office can’t help doing… 忍不住…
61. Be respected as被尊为… of all time自古以来 be loyal to对…忠诚 follow in one’s footsteps效法某人
62. Something well begun is half done=well begun is half done 好的成功是开始的一半 golden rule金科玉律
63. 关系代词所引导的定语从句若属于限制性修饰