高考英语总复习—Section13阅读补全(七选五).doc

高考英语总复习—Section13阅读补全(七选五)
Section 13　阅读补全(七选五)
解题技巧
1．阅读时不能仅仅注重文章细节，更应该注意文章的布局。
2．注意句子之间的逻辑关系(是总还是分？是主旨还是细节？)。
3．注意段落间的逻辑关系(转折？递进？总结？举例？……)。
4．将历届高考试题进行分析，重点分析结构清晰的说明文或议论文。
5．“七选五”的解题策略
(1)从意思上判断
在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上，利用线索词等进一步确认答案。
(2)从词汇上锁定线索
做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感，最主要的线索词是空白前后的名词和动词，寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词。尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。
(3)从关联词上查找
由于英语的句、段之间经常会运用关联词或某些具有关联作用的副词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。在做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。例如，表示并列或递进关系的词，一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性；表示转折或让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，或褒贬对立或肯否对立；表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点的句子，往往会有复述名词出现。常见的关联词及有关联作用的副词或短语如下：
1)并列或递进关系：and，or，also，neither...nor...，either...or...，likewise，similarly，equally，in the same way，that is to say，as well as，the same...as，besides，additionally，furthermore，moreover，in addition to，what is more等。
2)因果关系：because，for，since，as，thus，hence，therefore，so，so...that，consequently，accordingly，due to，thanks to，as a result，because of，in that，for this reason，of course等。
3)转折或让步关系：but，however，yet，on the contrary，by contrast，on the other hand，unfortunately，while，whereas，unlike，rather than，instead of，it is true that，although，though，even though，even if，nevertheless，despite，in spite of等。
4)时间关系：afterwards，at first，at last，finally，first，firstly，in the first place，to start with，in the meantime，last，later，next，second，secondly，then，third，thirdly，to begin with以及一些具体的时间等。
(4)根据试题所在的不同位置确定不同的解题策略
1)如果问题在段首
①通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。
②及后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一、二句，锁定线索信息词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句及空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种衔接手段。
③段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分(通常正确答案及上一段结尾有机地衔接起来)，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连接起来。
2)如果问题在段尾
①空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。
②通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信息词，如therefore，as a result，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，to conclude，in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
③及前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否及前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。
④及前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列或递进关系的词或及前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他信号线索。前面的一句及正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的。要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句，通常会找到关键的线索词句。
⑤所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出及前文之间的关联，此时可考虑及下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否及选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
⑥如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
3)如果问题是一整个自然段
①这个段落应该是承上启下，而且自成一体，即有一个段落的中心，因此可重点阅读选项中较长的选项，以此类推直至找到正确答案。
②着重阅读前一段结尾和后一段开头的一、两句查找相关的线索，而且重要线索通常会在后一段开头，因此后一段开头往往比前一段结尾更为重要。
③分析段落之间的逻辑关系及内容的连贯性，注意段落间的衔接手段。将选项代入原文，如果前后内容连贯，符合逻辑，就能得出正确答案。

A
(2016·全国Ⅰ)Secret codes (密码)keep messages private.Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.
People have used secret codes for thousands of years.__1__ Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making.The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
There are three main types of cryptography.__2__ For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”
__3__You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26.If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “135520135.”
A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences.To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book.__4__ For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” __5__However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.So codes must be changed frequently.
A．It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B．In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C．Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D．As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E．You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
F．With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G．Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
B
(2016·全国Ⅱ)
A garden that’s just right for you
Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(总和) of its parts？__1__．But it doesn’t happen by accident.It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.
•__2__
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料)．__3__．However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.
•Recall(回忆)your childhood memories
Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad, but that’s not what’s important.__4__—how being in those gardens made us feel.If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.__5__．Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown－up garden.Have fun.
A．Know why you garden
B．Find a good place for your own garden
C．It’s our experience of the garden that matters
D．It’s delightful to see so many beautiful flowers
E．Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants
F．You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too
G．For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have
C
(2016·全国Ⅲ)Everyone knows that fish is good for health.__1__But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home.Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home.Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult.__2__This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.
__3__Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you’re standing at the ocean’s edge.Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh.__4__When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two.Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.
There are many common methods used to cook fish.__5__First，clean it and season it with your choice of spices(调料)．Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound.(A larger one will take more time.)Then，it’s ready to serve.
A．Do not buy it.
B．The easiest is to steam it.
C．This is how you can do it.
D．It just requires a little knowledge.
E．The fish will go bad within hours.
F．When buying fish，you should first smell it.
G．The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.
D
(2016·北京高考)
The Science of Risk－Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth taking.__1__ Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans.Risk－takers were better at hunting，fighting，or exploring.__2__ As the quality of risk－taking was passed from one generation to the next，humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well，even 200，000 years ago，too much risk－taking could get one killed.A few daring survived，though，along with a few stay－in－the－cave types.As a result，humans developed a range of character types that still exists today.So maybe you love car racing，or maybe you hate it.__3__
No matter where you are on the risk－seeking range，scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years.__4__ To help you do that，your brain increases your hunger for new experiences.New experiences often mean taking some risks，so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
__5__ For the risk－seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continue to study the science of risk－seeking，we’ll continue to hit the mountains，the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A．It all depends on your character.
B．Those are the risks you should jump to take.
C．Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.
D．Thus，these well－equipped people survived because they were the fittest.
E．This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.
F．However，we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.
G．New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.

A
(2015·全国Ⅰ)
Building Trust in a Relationship Again
Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences.__1__ Trust is a risk.But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
Unfortunately，we’ve all been victims of betrayal.Whether we’ve been stolen from，lied to，misled，or cheated on，there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore.__2__ It’s understandable，but if you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again，we have some steps you can take to get you there.
●__3__ Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well－being.
● __4__ If you’ve been betrayed，you are the victim of your circumstance.But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”．At some point in all of our lives，we’ll have our trust tested or violated.
●You didn’t lose “everything”．Once trust is lost，what is left？Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle，look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life.__5__ Instead，it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.
A．Learn to really trust yourself.
B．It is putting confidence in someone.
C．Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
D．Remember that you can expect the best in return.
E．They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.
F．This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
G．Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.
B
(2015·全国Ⅱ)Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady，gradual increases in the length of the runs.__1__，buy the best－fitting，best－built running shoes you can find.No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet，so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop.When you have found shoes that seem right，walk in them for a few days to double－check the fit.__2__．As always，you should stretch(伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.
During the first week，do not think about distance，but run five minutes longer each day.__3__，it is wise to take a day off to rest.But during the next week，set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run.__4__．After two weeks，start timing yourself.__5__．Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter，you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.
A．After six days
B．For a good marathon runner
C．Before you begin your training
D．With each day，increase the distance by a half mile
E．If they still feel good，you can begin running in them
F．Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training
G．Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time
C
(2015·北京高考)
This Way to Dreamland
Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy. __1__ They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.
But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. __2__ Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?
So how can we come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool?
First, understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. __3__ And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming, try to do it while you are involved in another task，preferably something simple, like taking a shower or walking, or even making meaningless drawings.
It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate. “Mindfulness”， being focused, is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. __4__
Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. __5__
Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.
A．Having interesting things to think about also helps.
B．They stare off into space and wander by themselves.
C．Without wandering minds, we wouldn’t have relativity, Coke or Post－it notes.
D．At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.
E．It involves slow, steady breathing for self－control that helps people stay calm and attentive.
F．Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand.
G．Therefore, it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.
D
(2014·北京高考)
Evaluating Sources (来源) of Health Information
Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation.A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information.Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information，how to separate fact from opinion，how to recognize poor reasoning，and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources.__1__
Go to the original source.Media reports often simplify the results of medical research.Find out for yourself what a study really reported，and determine whether it was based on good science.Think about the type of study.__2__
Watch for misleading language.Some studies will find that a behavior“contributes to”or is“associated with”an outcome；this does not mean that a certain