资源描述
Unit 1
4. Translation process A. Comprehension of words:句子译文（P4-5）
（1）人生历程就是从生到死。
(2)女孩放好了桌子。但lay table”的真正含义是指在餐桌上摆好吃饭用的餐具.
(3)他认为我够朋友/他认为我可交。
(4)她哭得很伤心。不能译 “她把眼睛哭出来”。如to laugh one's head off"笑掉大牙”，to burst/split one's side with laughter“笑破肚子”；“tears well up in one's eyes”译为“泪汪汪”．
(5)我们找了他，但一无所获。“to no purpose”和“for no purpose不同，后者是“没有目的”，前者则是“毫无结果”，“一天所获”。
(6)但是他的重大发明还在后头呢
(7)你认为汤姆怎么样？他这个人一无可取。
(8)他那个人小气劲儿简直没法说。可不是吗！/没错。
(9) 哎哟! 人生如草芥.
(10) 哪里想到俺和这些高贵的德伯维尔一直是同宗共祖呐。
(11) 谁来都行，由我来对付。/兵来将挡，谁来我都不怕。
(12) 我死也不干。
(13) 理论固然重要，实践更重要。
(14)学英语，光学语法是不行的。
(15)“exaggerate”一词可以引出较广的含义，不能照字面理解为“被夸张了”，而应译为“他大发雷霞，未免小题大做”。
(16) “我拜读过大作。没有想到你这么年轻有为，(我原来以为你是一个老人呢)。
(17) 每次出差回来，这儿都叫我感到耳目一新，精神一爽。
(18)应根据对其深层意思的理解译为“可是这个家里是他妈妈说了算(或他妈妈当家)，他们说，他连他妈妈的一半也顶不上”(他那样的人，两个也比不过他妈妈)。
(19) 如果将主语译成“他和她”就显得不顺。后半句如译成“他们各自与另一个人结婚了”则不够清楚。
全句宜译成：“他们再次相逢时，一个已经娶妻，一个也已经再嫁了”。
(20) 会去参加招待会的，那怕交几个新朋友也好。
Free translation（P6）
(1) Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。
[分析]如果直译，很可能是这样：“昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到市场。”这样就闹出了大笑话。“To drive his pigs to market”在此就是一个“假朋友”，不小心就会上当。
(2) He is being a good boy now．他现在正在是一个好孩子。
[分析]这就叫做硬译，使译文读者不知所云。应改译为：“他现在正乖着呢。”
(3) Justice has long arms．天网恢恢，疏而不漏。
[分析]翻译思路是：法律的权力和威力是“鞭”长可及的，是无边的。或译为：罪犯难逃天罗地网
(4)关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。[分析]原文表层信息：关于增税的谈论对选民来说是一面红旗(红旗对中文读者来说意味着革命)。 原文深层信息：a red flag是令人生气的事物，源于西班牙的斗牛民俗。斗牛场上，人们用红布来激怒牛。译文表层表达：关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。
(5) Will a duck swim? 当然喽!或译成：还用说吗!
(6) They parted enemies．他们不欢而散，成了仇敌。[分析]译文如保持原文外形而译为“他们分手敌人”或者“他们作为敌人而分手”，那么“可读性”就较差，不如打破原文形式，译成上面那句比较流畅的汉语。
“意译法”的核心是灵活变通。但灵活变通是有根有据地灵活变通，不是置原文于不顾地乱译一气。吕叔湘先生曾经举了一个很典型的乱译例句。原文是这样：
(7)(A)理解正确
Literal translation and free translation
（2）[赏析]译文基本属于直译，但其中把couch potatoes译为“窝在沙发里长时间地看电视”，确实是传神的意译，把原文的深层信息用形象生动的译文传达了出来。一个“potato”既指人，又隐含“坐在沙发里的静态及时间之长”。如译为：“沙发土豆”或“坐在沙发里的人”就会形存神失。
5．Foreignization and Domestication归化和异化
翻译界有名的东西风之争就是一例。东风在中国人的概念中是和煦温暖的，代表着春天和美好事物。李商隐《无题》诗云：“相见时难别亦难，东风无力百花残。”东风是该是催开百花的使者，所以才有百花残而怨东风之感慨。有英译法为：
It’s difficult for us to meet and hard to part;
The east wind is too weak to revive flowers dead. (许渊冲《中诗英韵探胜》）
这种译法在西方人眼中无疑失去了那种淡淡幽怨之韵。因为缘于英国的地理位置，东风在英国人的眼中是凛冽的刺骨寒风，而西风采温煦、和暖。这样的直译扭曲了中文的文化意境。
英国诗人John Mansfield也有一首Ode to the West Wind
（这是暖风哟，西风哟……也吹来了水仙。——余光中 译）
对于中国读者来说,此译文中的西风无疑是个让人迷惑的意象, 与整诗抒情的怀乡基调不符，显得形容突兀。而在英国的文化环境下则恰到好处。
刘宓庆《文化翻译论纲》一书中指出“译文实际是原文+原文文化背景+译文+译文文化背景+原作者的气质和风格+译者的气质和风格的混合体。”
Unit 2
2.Word (P9-10)
This car is very heavy on oil.这部车耗油量很大。
The snow is falling heavier tonight than last night.今晚的雪下得比昨晚大。
He is a media heavy.他是新闻界重要人物。
There was a heavy fragrance of flowers and lemon trees.那里传来了浓郁的柠檬树和花的香味。
This is a heavy news to everyone that there will be a war next century.下个世纪将有一场战争，这对每个人来说都是一个令人忧虑的消息。
His father is a heavy drinker.他父亲酒瘾极大。
After school, she went home with a heavy heart.放学后，她心情沉重地回家了。
This dessert is not bad, but a little heavy.这种甜点心还不错，就是有点腻。
He is so heavy that he needs extra-large shirts.他太胖了，需要穿特大号的衬衫。
3.1 Subject (P14)
1. We built a house.
2. The house was built in the western compound (courtyard)/ The western compound witnessed/saw the building of another house.
3. Another house was built last year/Last year witnessed the building of another house.
4. 同2
5. The best learner will be given a reward./ Whoever learns (Those who learn)best will be given a reward.
6. “15” is an odd number. (even number偶数)
7. Jumping and running help our digestion.
8. We use chopsticks when we have meals./ Chopsticks are used for eating meals./ Having meals requires the use of chopsticks.
9.The members of the Presidium are sitting on the platform./ The platform is occupied by the members of the Presidium.
10. Our financial resources are limited, but expenses limitless.
11. To empty one’s purse to help people in need is a virtue./ It is a virtue for one to empty his purse to help people in need.
12. To be scolded and to be beaten (punished) is to be loved.(Scolding means loving, beating means affection). It will be strange (impossible) for a life without scolding and beating.
13. As for his business, you needn’t worry too much.
14. Wisdom/cleverness doesn’t necessarily mean success.
15. Exact calculation depends on a calm mind.
16. It doesn’t matter to be slow, but it is easy to make mistakes to be fast./ Being slow is no problem, while being fast may result in mistakes.
17. Where are we now? Where is it? Where am I?
18. There is no meeting today.
19. It is very exciting in the village./ The village witnesses an exciting scene.
20. There is plenty of meat in the kitchen; there are strong horses in the stable. But people looks hungry, and there are people who starved to death in the field.
21. It is ok (all right) for me (one person) to do it./ Let me do it, it is enough.
22. It is impossible for him to believe what you said/your words.
23. It is not strange that sometimes cats are more fierce than dogs./It sometimes happens that cats are more fierce than dogs. /That cats are sometimes more fierce than dogs does happen( in our life).
24. Small shops dot the way.
25. There are many people in the street.
26. From outside the window came a gust of laughter.
27. (You should) take one step and look around before taking another.
28. As you sow, so will you reap.
29. Be quiet.
30. One learns as long as one lives./ We learn as long as we live.
31. With a knowledge of natural sciences, one can go anywhere in the world./If one has a knowledge of natural sciences, he /she can go anywhere in the world. /Whoever has (Those who have) a knowledge of natural sciences can go anywhere in the world.
32. The man is stubborn.
33. Many high buildings were built.
3.2 Predicate (P15)
1. I know that. 2. Who said/did that?
3. I feel very hot. 4. The melon is very sweet.
5. This pair of shoes is small and worn-out.
6. He is a good guy. 7. The girl has big eyes.
8. Each one gets one copy./one for each.
9. The boy is 16 years old.
10. We like/value old friends just as we like/value new clothes. /Old friends are as good as new clothes.
11. He is smelling of sweat. 12. He has a quick temper.
13. During the Moon Festival every family eats moon cakes.
14. The dish tastes salted.
15. It hasn’t rained for 2 months./It is 2 months since it rained last.
16. The child has a good memory.
17. China is rich/abound in land areas and resources.
18. What we owed to our party is far beyond the measure/can’t be measured.
19. The reeds on the wall are top-heavy, foot-light and root-shallow. The bamboo shoots in the hill are tongue-sharp, skin-thick, and stomach empty./ The reeds on the wall have heavy tops, light feet and shallow roots. The bamboo shoots in the hill have sharp tongues, thick skin, and hallow inside.
20. This conduct is immoral.
21. The problem remains to be solved by the labor union.
22. You’re making a fuss about nothing./You’re raising a storm in a teacup.
23. You scared me out of my senses.
24. It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.
25. We must not only concern ourselves with personal affairs but the affairs of the state and the world.
26. He often receives visitors and attends dinner parties.
27. One of my friends lives in Hong Kong./ I have a friend living in Hong Kong./ I have a friend who lives in Hong Kong.
28. Professor Li always stands there and gives his lectures./ Professor Li always stands there giving his lectures./ Professor Li always gives his lectures by standing in front of the classroom.
29. Let’s open the window and let in the fresh air./ Let’s open the window to let in the fresh air.
30. He often took his students to the factory for a visit/to visit the factory.
31. Taking a dictionary, he began to prepare his lessons./ He took a dictionary and began to prepare his lessons.
32. The children came running to greet us.
33. He is going to ask for leave to go home by air to see his relatives next week.
34. He is going to fix an appointment over the phone to meet her for a talk.
35. I remembered that he had been there.
练习：
I. 对于许多人来说，在当今计算机时代还需要由人来作翻译似乎不合情理。既然现代计算机能装入词典和语法，为什么不让计算机来作翻译呢?计算机是可以作一些非常简单的语际转换工作，条件是事前和事后都要进行大量的编辑。但是无论广告小册子还是抒情诗都绝不可能归结为计算机所要求的那种逻辑。计算机打印出来的译文常常是可以看懂的——如果有关人员早就知道原文的大概。但是机器翻译出来的东西，其语言形式通常是不自然的，而且有时候简直令人不可思议。再者，仅仅修改程序或者增加规则也不会使译文有真正的改观。人的大脑不仅具有数字功能和模拟功能，而且还有内存价值系统，这个系统在语言成分分析上比起计算机来有着不可估量的优势。对于任何文体引人入胜、语义复杂的文本——包括大多数值得在另一种语言中表达出来的东西，非得由人来进行翻译不可。
II．Put the following passage into English．
Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language．To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.
Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the author's idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author's idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.
II. (B)(C)(C)
Unit 3 Translation Skills (1): Diction
Judging from Different Contexts (P21)
work (1)Yesterday we did a good day’s work. 昨天我们干了一整天的工作。
(2) They often work in the factories． 他们经常在工厂劳动。
(3) It is a work of art． 那是一件艺术品。
(4) We have read through the works by Einstein． 我们已经读完了爱因斯坦的著作。
(5)There was no automobile works in Hefei in 1950s． 五十年代合肥没有汽车制造厂。
(6) The works of these watches are all home-produced and wear well．这些表的机件都是国产的，并且耐磨。
(7) If you push hard against something and move it，you have done work．
如果你用力推一个东西，并且移动它，那你就做了功。
(8) Some satellite relay stations do a different kind of work．有些卫星中继站有着一种不同的功能。
(9) He knows how to work this machine. 他知道如何操作该机器。
(10) The electronic computer doesn’t work any more．这台电子计算机不再运算了。
Judging from Different Collocations
make
(1) They are trying to make a new type of electric motors to meet the needs of production．
他们正在试制一种新型电动机来满足生产的需要。
(2) Hydrogen and oxygen make Water．氢和氧构成水。
(3) Female spiders make webs in trees and flowers．雌蜘蛛把网织在树上或花丛中。
(4) The new skin of the spider gets hard and makes a new skeleton蜘蛛的新皮逐渐变硬，就形成了一付新骨路。
(5) Most substances make an increase in volume when they are heated．大多数物质加热时，体积增大。
(6) We are determined to make greater contributions to the four modernizations of our country．
我们一定要为我国的四个现代化建设作出较大的贡献。
(7) Great advances have been made in China’s science and technology.中国在科技方面已经取得了很大的进展。
(8) We will make use of a number of new sources of energy in the future．将来我们要利用许多新的能源。
(9) Molecules are made up of atoms．分子由原子组成。
(10) The very abstractness of mathematics makes it useful．正是数学的抽象性使它大有用处。
(11) With electricity，radio communication is made possible．
有了电，才使无线电通讯成为可能(才可能进行无线电通讯)。
Translation Practices （P23-24）
I. Put the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the italicized words.
1. 接到来函后，不到十分钟，我骑马动身了。到达坎特布里，换乘四轮马车进镇，但一场雨把我浑身淋湿，患了重感冒，一时不能痊愈。大约中午到达财务委员会，要做的第一件事，就是刮脸换衣。不久，打听到在委员会前树碑的内情。可是我尚未接到通知，不过从送信者口里获悉翌日上午会有通知的。我一回到小旅馆就吃了晚饭，然后就上床睡觉。第2天一早，吃过早饭，换好衣服，我就及时出发去打听有关纪念碑的事情。一得到消息，我就坐上马车，在3点之前回到了坎特布里。没给你带来什么，再见吧。
2. 独立宣言包括三个部分:第一部分阐明政治哲学—民主与自由哲学,内容深刻动人;第二部分列举若干具体的不平事例,以证明乔治三世破坏了美国的自由;第三部分宣布独立,并宣誓支持该项政策。
3. He got at the essence of matter by breaking through phenomenalism.
他突破了现象论，抓住了事物的本质。
4. Waterpower has become a matter of great economic importance．
水力已成为经济上的一个重大问题。
5. Nothing is the matter with the microscope．该显微镜没什么毛病。
6. It’s no matter whether you give me the data early or late．
不论你把数据／资料给我的早(或)晚，都无关紧要。
7. May I advance my opinion on the matter? 我可以提出关于这件事的意见吗?
8. The matter in the scientific writing is good but the style is deplorable．
这篇科技文章的内容很好，但是体裁太糟糕了。
9. Actually the more the physicists discover，the more utterly amazing the matter of existence will be．
实际上，物理学家发现得越多，有关存在的实质就越令人惊奇。
10. All the phenomena of nature are shown to us in time and in space through matter.
自然界的一切现象都通过物质以时间和空间的形式展现在我们面前。
11. Men of science in their experiments claimed to have discovered what they believe to be the ultimate structure of matter，the quarks．
科学家们经过实验宣告他们发现了他们相信（认为）是物质最终结构的东西即夸克。
12. By power is meant the rate of doing work.
功率指的是做功的速率。
13.Energy is the power to do work. 能是做功的能力。
14. Electric power can be transmitted over a long distance．电力能够输送到很远的距离。
15. Large quantities of steam are used by modern industry in the generation of power.
现代工业利用大量蒸汽来产生动动力。
16.The higher the speed of the space, vehicle，the greater its power consumption．
航天器(太空飞行器)的速度越快，它的能源消耗就越大。
17.The fourth power of two is sixteen. 二的四次方(幂)是十六。
18. The surfaces of ceramics must be checked by examining them under a 20 power binocular microscope.
陶瓷表面必须用20倍的双筒显微镜加以检验。
19. The output power of a machine is always smaller than its input power.
机器的输出功率总是小于输入功率。
20. Accompanying the strong wish for overall reduction in weight and volume is the need to reduce the power consumption of components and equipments．在强烈希望减少总重量和总体积(全面减少重量和体积)的同时，还需要减少元件和设备的动力消耗。
II. Put the following sentences into English, paying attention to the word “红”.
1. 他们的日子越过越红火。Their days are becoming better and better.
2. 喝了几杯酒，他脸上红扑扑的。After a few drinks his face flushed.
3. 她曾经是老板的红人。She was once a favorite with the boss.
4. 晚会开得红红火火。The evening party was a great success.
5. 三十年代他红得发紫，战后就默默无闻了。
He reached the height of his popularity in the thirties, and was all but forgotten after the war.
6. 他通宵没睡，眼睛都熬红了。
He stayed up all night and his eyes are bloodshot.
7. 学生们兴奋得满脸通红。The pupils glowed with excitement.
8. 一见别人收入比他多，他就眼红。
He is always jealous of people who can earn more than he does.
9. 姑娘脸颊红扑扑的，挂着微笑。The girl had rosy cheeks, brightened by a smile.
10. 他俩从未红过脸。
There has never been a cross word between the two of them.
11. 他的脸被火红的太阳得晒得黑黑的，一副健康的样子。
His face was healthily tanned by the flaming sun.
12. 他是个很红的歌星。He is a very popular singer.
13. 他年纪轻轻却已看破了红尘。
Though he is young, he has already seen through the world of mortals.
14. 今年我们厂是满堂红，各项指标都提前完成了。
Our factory has had all-round success this year. All our targets have been fulfilled ahead of schedule.
UNIT 4答案
TRANSLATION PRACTICE 1（P29-30）
1．他对数论的抽象性，对天文学的冗长的计算方法以及对应用物理学的实际应用问题都是同样精通的。
2．发电机的工作原理是以磁和电的这种相互作用为基础的。
3．经过金星的，还有经过火星的其它飞行方案也计划出来了。
4．导体内如果没有电压，便不会产生电子流动现象。
5．制造过程中的主要问题是如何控制污染和杂质，例如，药品的制造。
6．电可以在相隔一段距离的地方显示各种测量结果，这在许多场合都是很重要的。
7．冶金学研究金属的提炼
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