Onomatopoeia.doc

Onomatopoeia（拟声）
Onomatopoeia is also called imitative word or echo word. 是模拟事物的声音而造词的方法。Plato argued that reality is the imitation of the Idea. Aristotle(亚里士多德)put it that to imitate is human nature。According to Stephen Ullmann, echo word consists of primary onomatopoeia（基本拟声词） and secondary onomatopoeia（次要拟声词）.
I．基本拟声词：
1. 模仿人的声音： Aha! 满意，愉快，胜利；Hmmm! 思考；Ouch 疼痛；Well, well! 惊奇；Wow! 诧异，惊讶，羡慕，快乐；haw-haw：哈哈大笑；gurgle：咯咯地笑；laugh：大笑；Murmur：喃喃说话声；moan：呻吟声，悲叹声；shrill：尖声；bellow：怒吼声
2.模仿动物声音：
bee（蜜蜂）-----hum, buzz
bull(公牛)-----bellow, low
beetle（甲虫）-----drone
cat（猫）-----miaow，   miaou,  meow，  purr
cricket（蟋蟀）-----chirp
dog（狗）-----bark，            
duck（鸭子）-----quack
donkey（驴）-----bray， heehaw
fly（苍蝇）---buzz
fox（狐狸）----- yelp
frog（青蛙）-----croak
goat（山羊）----- bleat
horse（马）----- neigh， 
jackal（豺）-----howl
lion（狮子）----- roar
mosquito（蚊子）----- hum， buzz， drone 
pig（猪）-----grunt
tiger（老虎）---- growl
wolf（狼）----- howl，growl 

3、鸟鸣的声音 
由于表示鸟的叫声的单词往往含有字母C，故，有人把C称为“鸟鸣字母”。
birds（鸟）-----twitter, chirp,
Crows（乌鸦）-----caw
geese（鹅）---- gaggle
swans（天鹅）----chant
chickens（小鸡）----cheep
magpies（喜鹊）----- chatter
swallows（燕子）-----chirp
pigeons（鸽子）----- coo
ravens（渡鸦）-----croak
cocks（公鸡）-----crow
cuckoos（杜鹃，布谷鸟）-----cuckoo 
larks（云雀）-----warble
hen（母鸡）----- crackle， cluck

4.各类物体的响声:

1、金属磕碰声 当啷 clank, clang
2、形容金属的响声 当当 rattle
3、金属、瓷器连续撞击声 丁零当啷 jingle, jangle, cling-clang
4、鼓声、敲门声 咚咚 rub-a-dub,rat-tat,rat-a-tat
5、脆响的（关门）声 吧嗒 click
6、敲打木头声 梆梆 rat-tat，rat-at
7、重物落下声 咕咚 thud, splash, plump
8、东西倾倒声 哗啦 crash, clank
9、风吹动树枝叶声 飒飒 sough,rustle
10、树枝等折断声 嘎巴 crack, snap
11、不大的寒风声 瑟瑟 rustle
12、踩沙子、飞沙击物或风吹草木 沙沙、飒飒 rustle
13、飞机螺旋桨转动 呼呼 whirr
14、雨点敲击房顶 噼里啪啦 patter
15、水流动声 汩汩 gurgle
16、物体受压 嘎吱 creak 喀嚓 crack, snap
17、溪水、泉水流动声 潺潺 murmur, babble, purl
18、液体、沸腾、水流涌出或大口喝水声 咕嘟 babble, gurgle
19、重物落地声 扑通 flop, thump, splash, pit-a-pat
20、笑声、水、气挤出声 扑哧 titter, snigger, fizz
21、雷声、爆炸声、机器声 隆隆 hum, rumble, roll
22、汽笛或喇叭声 呜呜 toot, hoot, zoom
23、油在锅里 滋滋 sizzle
24、鞭炮爆炸声 噼啪 pop
25、脚踏楼板声 登登 clump
II．次要拟声词
是指音与某种象征性的意义发生联想的词。即是说，某些字母的发音能象征某种概念或意境（poetic world）。
1. 以sk-开头的词语，往往含有与表面接触和摩擦的含义，如skate, skim, skid
2. sl-开头的词语，往往含有滑、粘之意。Slide, sleek, slick
3. bl-开头的词语，往往含有充气的意思。Bladder, blast, bloat, bluster
4. sn-开头的词，含有呼吸、屏息之意。如sneeze, sniff, snivel, snail, sneak. Snoop
5. –ash结尾的词表述尖利的撞击声，如thrash, slash, gnash, mash, lash
拟声词音韵响亮，有音乐美，而且形象鲜明，用来描摹事物使人如闻其声，倍感真切。
Spring，the sweet spring，is the year＇s pleasant king；
　　Then blooms each thing，then maids dance in a ring，
　　Gold doth no sting， the pretty birds do sing：
　　Cuckoo，jug-jug，pu-we，to-witta-woo!
　　…
　　这是英国著名诗人Thomas Nashe(托马斯·纳什)在其喜剧《萨默斯的遗嘱》中一首题为Spring，the sweet spring的诗。诗中的一连串拟声词的运用生动形象地烘托出春天欢乐的气氛。
英国十九世纪诗人骚塞（Robert Southey，1774-1843）在其诗歌"How Does the Water Come Down at Lodore"中连用二十多个不同的拟声词，把读者带到奔腾欢快而下的河边：
Here it comes sparkling,
And there it lies darkling …
Eddying and whinking,
Spouting and frisking, . . .
And rattling and battling, . . .
And guggling and struggling, . . .
And bubbling and troubling and doubling,
And rushing and flushing and brushing and gushing,
And flapping and rapping and clapping and slapping.
And thumping and pumping and bumping and jumping,
And at once and all o'er with mighty uproar,
And this way the water comes down at Lodore.
初唐四杰之一的骆宾王七岁时写过一首《咏鹅》：“鹅，鹅，鹅，曲项向天歌。白毛浮绿水，红掌拨清波。”
O geese, O geese, O geese!
Your crane your neck and sing to the sky your song sweet.
Your white feathers float on green water with ease;
You swim through clear waves with your red webbed feet.

全诗笔调清新活泼，诗人更是体察入微，以响亮的声音开头，未见其物，先闻其声，以声音引起读者注意。循声寻去：啊，原来是鹅向天曲项高歌，它白色的羽毛漂浮在绿水之上，红色的脚掌拨动着清澈的水面，在水面上泛起一圈圈波纹。此时，人们自然会被眼前的美景吸引。
《诗经》中很多诗歌也是以拟声词开头的，如著名的《关雎》
关关雎鸠
在河之洲。
窈窕淑女，
君子好逑。
Guan! Guan! Cry the fish hawks
on sandbars in the river:
a mild-mannered good girl,
fine match for the gentlaman.

杜甫的《登高》一是一著例。“风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回，无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。”
The wind so swift, the sky so wide, apes wail and cry,
Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly.
The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower,
The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour.

作者当时流落夔州，重九登高，心中有无限悲凉之情。前四句，作者为我们展示了一幅壮丽、深远、雄浑的秋景图。尤其是后两句，作者更是用粗犷的笔触描绘了秋叶萧萧飘零、长江滚滚滔滔的情景。诗歌中，声浪一弱一强、一低一高相互配合，充分展现了秋江萧瑟而又雄浑的特点，进而体悟到作者心中韶华易逝、壮志难酬的悲怆之情。

It is generally realized that Chinese is written with characters instead of an alphabet. Ernest Fenollosa in his essay ‘The Chinese Character as a Medium for Poetry’admired Chinese characters for their pictorial qualities. He put it that all Chinese characters are pictograms or ideograms.

Just as western philosophy has been phonocentric, centered on the living voice and deeply suspicious of script, so also it has been in a broader sense ‘logocentirc’, committed to a belief in some ultimate word, presence, essence, truth or reality which will act as the foundation of all their thought, language and experience. It has yearned for the sign which will give meaning to all others---the transcendental signifier.