1、2023/5/241n一、词性分类。一、词性分类。n在单词旁边按名词、动词、形容词、副词标出词性。这样学生在面对某一个空格时,只要根据上下文的语法结构或逻辑关系不再是从10个词中去选1个答案了,可以是4选1甚至2选1,从而缩小了选择的范围,提高做题的准确率。我们以09年上海卷选词填空题为例将选项按词性分类:2023/5/242nA.contents 名词名词nB.taking 现在分词现在分词nC.carefully 副词副词 nD.plastic 形容词形容词 nE.packaging 现在分词、名词现在分词、名词nF.declined 过去分词、一般过去式过去分词、一般过去式nG.free
2、ly 副词副词 nH.typical 形容词形容词 nI.contracts 名词、动词名词、动词 nJ.registered 过去分词、一般过去式过去分词、一般过去式2023/5/243n分类时要注意两点:n1.有的单词不只有一个词性,如influence,heat,concern等。08年上海卷选词填空题中的set 既有名词词性又有动词词性。这时两个都要标出来。n2.以-ing或-ed 结尾的词既可能是动词,也可能是由现在分词或过去分词转变而成的形容词。例如:sleeping在She is sleeping.中是动词,而在a sleeping car中是形容词。2023/5/244n二、精
3、读第一句,预测主题。二、精读第一句,预测主题。n首先要抓住文章首句,第一句话往往是文章的首先要抓住文章首句,第一句话往往是文章的主题句,或是含有主题词的句子,提供必要的主题句,或是含有主题词的句子,提供必要的理解文章大意和主要内容的线索。所以,学生理解文章大意和主要内容的线索。所以,学生可以根据第一句话来把握文章或者段落的中心可以根据第一句话来把握文章或者段落的中心思想,最大限度地获取信息。思想,最大限度地获取信息。2023/5/245n以09年上海高考选词填空题第一段为例:If the package looks pretty,people will buy just about anyth
4、ing.So says an advertising executive in New York,and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine.第一句告知了文章的关键词“package包装包装”。2023/5/246n第二句揭示了文章的主旨大意:主人公是一位广告主管,事发地点在纽约,事件是通过精心包装卖出垃圾可赚大钱。抓住文章的主旨大意有助于学生理解和把握整个文章的脉络,为接下来做题把准方向。2023/5/247n三、确定空格词性,预设答案
5、,三、确定空格词性,预设答案,筛选备用词。筛选备用词。n首先根据语法知识确定被填入此空格词的词性,不妨先预测自己心目中的答案,然后按标出的词性进行筛选,将备选的单词逐个代入空格中推敲句意。根据上下文逻辑关系,对语篇中缺失信息进行猜测、推断、验证后做出正确的选择。2023/5/248n四、重读全文,复查核定。四、重读全文,复查核定。n做完题目后,要仔细检查答案。一般情况下,按照以上解题方法可以得出大部分空格的答案。有时会遇到个别词汇无从下手,可以在剩下的几个词汇里依靠语感尝试排除法。2023/5/249n五、注重词汇,夯实基础,培养五、注重词汇,夯实基础,培养能力。能力。n同学们在复习迎考中要积
6、累并熟练掌握高频词汇和常用词组搭配,注意一词多义并且能够在不同的语境中灵活运用,具备判断词性和分析句子结构的技能。根据自己的实际需要,侧重基础语法训练,例如时态、语态、形容词、副词和非谓语动词等。平时要进行一定数量的选词填空专项训练,找到解题的感觉,提高解题能力。2023/5/2410n1.如何确定空格为名词。n(1)空格前面出现冠词、形容词,空格内应填名词。n例如:Douglass grew up to become the first black _45_ to hold a government officeas US minister and consul general(总领事)to
7、 Haiti.(08上海卷)n解析:45空格前有定冠词+序数词+形容词,所以空格内应填入名词。备选名词有set,citizen,route和restoration。从全句意思来推测选citizen比较合适。Douelass长大后成为了第一个在政府任职的黑人公民。其他三个词都不合句意。2023/5/2411n(2)空格前面出现及物动词,空格内应填名词作宾语。n例如:Mr.Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs.He maintains that he has signed _49_ with people interested in s
8、imilar projects from as far as Berlin and London.(09上海卷)n解析:空格前是主语he+谓语动词has signed,所以空格内应填入名词作宾语。备选名词有contents内容,packaging包装,contracts合同。空格前谓语动词has signed解释为“签署”,全句意思为:Gignac 先生在考虑开发更多种的纪念品。他宣称他已经与远在柏林和伦敦对此项目感兴趣的人们签署了合同。我们由此推断能与signed搭配使用的名词只能是contracts。2023/5/2412n(3)空格后面出现动词,空格内应填名词作主语。n例如:Jacob
9、Riis was among the first photojournalists.He took pictures of parts of New York City where the poor lived.Riis believed that _ caused crime,and he used photos to help him prove his point.n解析:主句Riis believed that后面宾语从句中缺失主语,由此判断空格内应填入名词。备选名词有design设计,chapter章节,force武力,poverty贫穷。空格后caused crime,什么能导致犯
10、罪。根据上文提供的线索:Jacob Riis是最早的摄影记者之一。他在纽约市穷人区拍摄了一些照片。由此确定答案是poverty。Riis认为贫穷会引起犯罪,为此他出示他拍摄的照片来证明他的观点。2023/5/2413n2.如何确定空格为动词。n(1)空格前面已经有主语,后面又有宾语,空格处应填及物动词。nRealizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker,Mr.Gignac has _47_ a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president.He _48_
11、to discuss his profit margins:“Its actually quite a lot of effort putting them togetherbut yes,garbage is free.”(09上海卷)2023/5/2414n解析:从47空格后词汇a company 来推测has 后面应该是个过去分词在主语Mr.Gignac 后面与助动词has一起构成现在完成时。备选词有declined下降、拒绝,registered注册,2选1。declined a company明显不符合上下文语境,由此推测此处与company搭配使用的词只能是registered。本
12、句意思是:当Mr.Gignac认识到这个想法可以赚钱时,他注册了一家公司还聘用他的女朋友为副经理。48空格前面是主语He,空格后面是to discuss,由此判断空格处应该是谓语动词。能充当谓语动词的词只剩下declined,填入此空符合句意。本句意思是:他在婉言拒绝谈论他的利润时说:“尽管垃圾是免费的,但实际上废物利用也很费劲。”2023/5/2415n(2)空格前面有主语但后面没有宾语,空格处应填不及物动词。n例如:A few weeks ago,the National Park Service(NPS)_42_ Douglasss birth and Black History Mon
13、th.(08上海卷)n解析:空格前“the National Park Service(NPS)在句中充当主语,缺少谓语。备选词有honoured(对表示敬意),set(放置),granted(同意给予)。本句意为:几周以前,NPS重新开放他在CedarHill的故居,以纪念Douglass的诞生和黑人历史。因此,只有honoured符合句意。2023/5/2416n3.如何确定空格为形容词。n(1)空格前面或者后面是名词,空格内应填形容词。n例如:Some _46_ customers include people who used to live in the city and want
14、a down-to-earth souvenir.(09上海卷)n解析:空格后的名词customers在句中作主语,include 作谓语,宾语是people,后面是who引导的定语从句。可以断定空格里填形容词。备选形容词有plastic和typical(分词已经用掉)。plastic customers(塑料顾客)不符合句意,唯一答案就是typical。n也有形容词作后置定语的情况。2023/5/2417n例如:There is a new type of small advertise-ment becoming increasingly common in newspaper class
15、ified columns.It is sometimes placed among“situations _”,although it does not offer anyone a job,and sometimes it appears among“situations wanted”,although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either.What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.n解析:空格内应填形容词vacant(空缺的),修饰空格前的名词situati
16、ons。n补充语境:现在分词作定语。The _ network of underwater sensors in the Pacific,site of 85 percent of all tsunamis,will be increased and expanded into the Atlantic and Caribbean.答案是现在分词existing修饰空格后的network。2023/5/2418n(2)空格前面出现副词,空格内应填形容词。n例如:Since 1992,17 major tsunamis have struck,11 in the Pacific.Deaths w
17、ere particularly _,a total of some 4,000until last year.n解析:空格内应填形容词low,作连系动词were的表语。2023/5/2419n(3)空格前面是连系动词,空格内应填形容词作表语。n例如:When men are shut up together for a long period,they begin to feel _.n解析:空格内应填形容词uneasy,在连系动词feel后面作表语。本句意为:人们长期被关闭(在狭小空间里),会感到不自在。2023/5/2420n4.如何确定空格为副词。n(1)空格前面或者后面出现动词,空格
18、内应填副词。n例如:As a youth,he never went to school.Educating slaves was illegal in the South,so he _46_ taught himself to read and write.(08上海卷)n解析:空格前he作主语,空格后taught是谓语动词,himself作宾语。由此推断空格处应该填入副词修饰taught。备选副词有secretly(秘密地),briefly(简要地)。上文提到在南方奴隶受教育是违法的。因而,他只能秘密地自学,答案secretly符合句意。2023/5/2421n(2)空格后面是分词或形容
19、词,空格内填副词。n例如:Justin Gignac,26,has sold almost 900 _41_ presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of the Big Apple at between$50 and$100 each.(09上海卷)n解析:空格前是谓语has sold,空格后的过去分词presented 修饰宾语boxes 作定语,由此推断空格内要填副词修饰分词presented。备选副词有carefully(小心地)和freely(自由地)。因为文章的主题是关于包装,所以选择carefully符合文章大意。20
20、23/5/2422n又如:Everyone has little habits of speaking and behaving that are _ acceptable.n解析:空格内应填副词ordinarily 修饰形容词acceptable。句意为:每个人都有大家所接受的行为和说话的习惯。2023/5/2423n5.如何确定空格为非谓语动词形式。n(1)动名词作宾语以及动词固定搭配。n例如:Mr.Gignac denies _45_ his customers for fools:“They know what theyre getting.They appreciate the fa
21、ct that theyre taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.”(09上海卷)n解析:空格前是谓语动词denies,空格后是名词customers。这里会出现两种推断。一种是空格处填副词,意为如何否认顾客,明显不符句意,与后面的介词for也搭配不上。由此推断空格里应该是 v-ing形式作denies的宾语,customers后面是介词for,与空格处的动名词搭配成词组 2023/5/2424n备选的v-ing形式有taking和packaging。taking for 是个常用词组,意思是“把视作”。意为:
22、Gignac否认把自己的顾客当做傻瓜。他说:“顾客知道他们得到了什么,他们认为他们买到别人不要的东西是值得的,并且从中找到了美的享受。”因此,选用动名词taking与后面句子的内在逻辑联系完全吻合,而packaging明显与上下文不符。2023/5/2425n(2)动名词(或名词)充当介词宾语。n例如:As you sneeze and cough,you scold yourself for not _ your warm coat yesterday.And you worry that your whole family will catch your cold too.n解析:空格应填
23、wearing,动名词作介词for的宾语。本句意为:当你打喷嚏和咳嗽时,你会责备自己昨天衣服穿少了,还担心全家也被自己传染上感冒。2023/5/2426n(3)现在分词作状语。n例如:Arabs were originally those who lived in Arabia(阿拉伯半岛).But from the AD 600s Arabian Arabs,inspired by their new faith Islam,swept through Western Asia and North Africa,_ and settling a huge area.n解析:空格处前面主语是A
24、rabian Arabs,谓语部分是swept through,答案用现在分词conquering和空格后面的settling并列作状语。2023/5/2427n(4)空格前有不定式标志to,空格处应填入动词原形;另一种情况to是介词,后面应填入动名词(或名词)。n例如:The army was given the job of keeping peace in this difficult Indian country of the western plains.Soldiers were sent out to build forts and roads.They tried to _ t
25、he wagon trains from Indian attacks.n解析:句中tried+to do 表示“设法做某事”,空格处应填动词原形protect。2023/5/2428n又如:It is,however,desirable that he should have a rough idea about the pronunciation of his source languages,even if this is restricted to _ how proper names and place names are pronounced.n解析:句中is restricted to 是固定词组,意为“限制”,to是介词,空格处应填动名词knowing。2023/5/2429