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代词-(Pronouns)-知识点.pdf

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代词代词(Pronouns)知识点知识点代词概述 代词是代替名词及名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其用法特点可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词等如:She sings better than me.她比我唱得好。(人称代词)Our room is bigger than yours.我们的房间比你们的大。(物主代词)Go and wash yourself,Tom.去洗一洗,汤姆。(反身代词)We can help one another.我们可以互相帮助。(相互代词)This river is longer than that one.这条河比那条河长。(指示代词)What are you doing over there?你们在那边做什么?(疑问代词)I dont know who is in the room.我不知道谁在房间里。(关系代词)Money isnt everything.金钱不是万能的。(不定代词)1.代词的概念与分类 一、人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:数 单数 复数 格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her they them it it they them 例如:He is my friend.他是我的朋友。Its me.是我。二、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其人物和数的变化见下表。形容词性物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their 名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs 如:I like his car.我喜欢他的小汽车。Our school is here,and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。三、指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those 等。例如:That is a good idea.那是个好主意。四、表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为反身代词。例如:She was talking to herself.她自言自语。五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有 each other 和 one another 两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么大的区别。例如:They love each other.他们彼此相爱。六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every 等,以及含有 some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如 anybody,something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但 none 和由 some,any,no 等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every 和 no 只能作定语。例如:-Do you have a car?-你有一辆小汽车吗?-Yes,I have one.-是的,我有一辆。-I dont know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识。七、疑问代词有 who,whom,whose,what 和 which 等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)例如:Tell me who he is.告诉我他是谁。八、关系代词有 who,whom,whose,that,which,as 等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(先行词)。例如:He is the man whom you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。2.并列人称代词的排列顺序 1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 第三人称 第一人称,即 you he/she;it-I。例如:You,he and I should return on time.2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 第二人称 第三人称,即 weyouthey注意:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。a.在承认错误,承担责任时,It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。b.在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:I and you try to finish it.我和你去弄好它。c.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。d.当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。3.物主代词-3.1 of+名词所有格 物主代词不可与 a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which 等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。例如:a friend of mine,each brother of his.4.指示代词 1)指示代词的两种形式 指示代词分单数(this/that)和复数(these/those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词。例如:单数 复数 限定词 This girl is Mary.Those men are my teachers.代词 This is Mary.Those are my teachers.例如:5.反身代词 形式人称代词 I you he/she/it we you they 反身代词 myself yourself himself/herself/itself ourselves yourselves themselves 另外:one 的反身代词为 oneself用法 1)做宾语 a.有些动词需有反身代词,如 absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave 等。例如:We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。b.用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如 take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth 等。例如:I could not dress(myself)up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:get up,sit-down,stand up,wake up 等。例如:Please sit down.请坐。2)用作表语,如结构 be oneself。例如:I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。3)用作同位语The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。4)在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No one but myself(me)is hurt.注意:a.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(错)Myself drove the car.(对)I myself drove the car.我自己开车。6.相互代词 1)相互代词只有 each other 和 one another 两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。例如:It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。7.疑问代词 1)疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:指人:who,whom,whose 指物:what 既可指人又可指物:which2)疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除 who 之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose 还可作限定词。试比较:疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?桌上的书是谁的?What was the directional flow of U.S.territorial expansion?美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?限定词:Whose books are these on the desk?桌上的书是谁的?What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?说明 1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what 所指的范围是无限的,而 which 则指在一定的范围内。例如:Which girls do you like best?你喜欢哪几个姑娘?What girls do you like best?你喜欢什么样的姑娘?说明 2:Whom 是 who 的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用 who 代替,但在介词后只能用 whom,例如:Who(m)did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)Who(m)are you taking the book to?你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用 who 取代。)8.关系代词 1)关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。该句中 whom 既代表先行词 the girl,又在从句中作介词 to 的宾语。2)关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:指人 指物 指人或指物 主 格 who which/that that宾 格 whom which/that that 属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose 例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。(which 指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)说明:非限定性定语从句中,不能用 that 作关系代词。3)关系代词 which 的先行词可以是一个句子。例如:He said he saw me there,which was a lie.他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。说明:关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外,关系代词 that 在从句中作表语时也可省略,例如:Ive forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。Hes changed.Hes not the man he was.他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。9.不定代词-9.1 every,no,all,both,neither,nor 1)不定代词有 all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no 以及 some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,none,everybody,everyone.等。2)不定代词的功能与用法 a.除 every 和 no 外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every 和 no 在句中只能作定语。例如:I have no idea about it.我不知该咋办。b.all 都,指三者以上。all 的主谓一致:all 的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。例如:All goes well.一切进展得很好。all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。但 all 可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。all 还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China,all the city,all my life,all the way3)both 都,指两者。a.both 与复数动词连用,但 both and可与单数名词连用。b.both,all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。例如:Who can speak Japanese?谁能讲日本话?We both(all)can.我们都不会。4)neither两者都不 a.neither 作主语时,谓语动词用单数单数。b.作定语与单数名词连用,但 neither nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。c.可用于下列句型,避免重复。例如:She cant sing,neither(can)he.她不会唱歌,他也不会。5)neither 与 nor 的比较 a.如前句是否定式从句,则主句用 neither,而不用 nor。例如:If you dont do it,neither should I.如果你不干,我也不干。b.如后连续有几个否定句式,则用 nor,不用 neither。例如:He cant sing,nor dance,nor skate.他不会唱歌,不会跳舞,也不会滑冰。9.2 none,few,some,any,one,ones 一、none 无 1)none 作主语,多与多与 of 构成短语构成短语 none of。在答语中,none 可单独使用。例如:Are there any pictures on the wall?墙上有画吗?None.没。2)none 作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。例如:It is none of your business.闲事莫管。二、few 一些,少数 few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。三、some 一些 1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当做某一解时,也可与单数名词连用。(=a certain)You will be sorry for this some day.总有一天,你会为此后悔的。A certain(some)person has seen you break the rule.有些人不同意你的看法。注意:(1)在肯定疑问句中用 some 代替 any。(2)some 用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。Would you like 句式中,表委婉请求或建议。例如:Would you like some coffee?喝咖啡吗?b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时。例如:If you need some help,let me know.需要帮助,跟我说。c.some 位于主语部分。例如:Some students havent been there before.有些学生没去过那儿。d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some 可用于否定句。例如:I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。四、any 一些 1)any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。There isnt any reason to complain.Do you have any friends in London?2)当句中含有任何的意思时,any 可用于肯定句。Here are three novels.You may read any.这有三本小说,你可任读一本。五、one,复数形式为 ones ones 必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用 some,any,而不用ones。例如:Have you bought any rulers?买尺了吗?Yes,I ve bought some.买了,买了几把。9.3 few,little,a few,a little (a)few+可数名词,(a)little+不可数名词 a few/a little 为肯定含义,还有一点 few/little为否定含义,没有多少了。例如:He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little time.我们还有点时间。There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。固定搭配:only a few(=few)not a few(=many)quite a few(=many)many a(=many)。例如:Many books were sold.Many a book was sold.卖出了许多书。典型例题:Although he s wealthy,he spends_ on clothes.A.little B.fewC.a little D.a few 答案:A.spend 所指的是钱,不可数,只能用 little 或 a little.本句为 although 引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用 little 表示几乎不。9.4 one,that 和 it one 表示泛指,that 和 it 表示特指。that 与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而 it 与所指名词为同一个。例如:I cant find my hat.I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。I cant find my hat.I don t know where I put it.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。9.5 one/another/the other one the other只有两个 some the others 有三个以上 one another,another some others,others others=other people/things the others=the rest剩余的全部1)泛指另一个用 another。2)一定范围内两人(物),一个用 one,另一个用 the other。3)一定范围内三者,一个用 one,另一个用 one(another),第三个可用 the other,a third。4)一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用 the others。5)泛指别的人或物时,用 others 当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用 others。9.6 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each 1anyone 和 any one anyone 仅指人,any one 既可指人,也可指物。2no one 和 nonea)none 后跟 of 短语,既可指人又可指物,而 no one 只单独使用,只指人。b)none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而 no one 作主语谓语动词只能是单数。例如:None of you could lift it.你们中没有人可举起它。-Did any one call me up just now?-刚才有人打电话给我吗?-No one.-没有。3every 和 each1)every 强调全体的概念,each 强调个体概念。例如:Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。Each student may have one book.每个学生都可有一本书。2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each 指两个以上的人或物(含两个)。3)every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each 可作代词或形容词。例如:Every boy has to take one.每个男孩必须取一个。Each boy has to take one.Each of the boys has to take one.4)every 不可以作状语,each 可作状语。5)every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks 等;each 没有。6)every 与 not 连用,表示部分否定;each 和 not 连用表示全部否定。例如:Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实。Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。9.7 both,either,neither,all,any,none 这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在 be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一个助动词之后。1)both(两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。例如:Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。2)both,either both 与复数连用,either 与单数连用。例如:Both the boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。Either of the two boys is clever.There are flowers on both sides of the street.路边长满了野花。There are flowers on either side of the street.3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。例如:All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。I dont like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。注意:all 与 none 用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。例如:All of the students are there.所有的学生都在那。All(of)the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那。9.8 many,much,more,most Many,much 都意为许多,many+可数名词,much+不可数名词。从 0%上升到 100%可数名词的复数:many more most 不可数名词:much more most 从 100%降低到 0%可数名词的复数:few fewer fewest 不可数名词:little less least 例如:There are many people in England,more in India,but the most people live in China.Much time and money is spent on education,more on health services but the most is spent on national defence.Few rivers in Europe are not polluted.Fewer people die young now than in the seventeenth century.The country with the fewest people per square kilometre must be Australia.Scientists have little hope of finding a complete cure for cancer before the year 2,000.She had less time to study than Paul but had better results.Give that dog the least opportunity and it will bite you.例如:How many people are there at the meeting?多少人出席了会议。How much time has we left?还剩多少时间?Many of the workers were at the meeting.许多工人在开会。Much of the time was spent on learning.学习上化了许多时间。9.9 how much,many,few,lot 等 a bit(of):not any-some(any)several a large amount of/a great(large)deal of/不可数名词a lot of=lots of/plenty of/不可数名词/可数名词a large(great)number of 可数名词注意:Much 和 many 用于否定句及疑问句中时::How much money have you got?How many cigarettes have you smoked?Theres not much sugar in the cupboard.There werent many people at the concert.它们也可与 too,(not)so,and(not)as 连用:There were too many people at the concert-we couldnt see the band.Its a problem when there are so many people.Theres not so much work to do this week.在肯定句中我们用 a lot of:Ive got a lot of work this week.There were a lot of people at the concert.1)We couldnt eat in such an expensive restaurant because _of us had _money on us.(A)all;no (B)any;no (C)none;any (D)no one;any(答案:C)解析:C。排错法 考点:选项 A 中 all 与 no 用在一起,表示部分否定,解释未必都,而表示全否定结构应用 none。选项 D 中 no one 不与介词 of 连用。2)-What do you think of the Prime Ministers address to the nation?-I like _ of what he said.(A)more (B)many (C)few (D)much (答案:D)解析:答案 D address(讲话)是整体名词,表示整体的一大部分不可数,该用 much 代替。3)Dr.Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge.I cant remember _.(A)where (B)there (C)which (D)that (答案:C)C 本题考查 which 的词义及用法。关键信息点 either Oxford or Cambridge 提示,答案要在两者中选择。凡是要表示两者中(无论指人,还是物)的哪一个,都应该用 which。4)If you want to change for a double room,youll have to pay_$15(A)another (B)other (C)more (D)each (答案:A)本空需要的意思是再,可用 another 和 more但 more 要放在价钱的后面。5)Throughout the world _advance has been made in science and technology is due to education which brings forth scientists and inventors.(A)whoever (B)what (C)that (D)whatever (答案:D)解析:D。直接定位法 whatever 是 what 的强调形式,句中含有无论什么的意思,用 D。6)-Shall I make you _ to eat?-Oh,yes,please.Ive had hardly _ all day.(A)something;nothing (B)anything;something (C)something;anything (D)anything;nothing (答案:C)解析:C。总体推断法 7)We couldnt eat in a restaurant because_of us had_money on us(A)all;no (B)any;no (C)none;any (D)no one;any(答案:C)根据句意推测,because 应引导一个表示完全不定的句子,A 不符;B 不符合语法,no one 后不可接 of 短语。8)-When shall we have an appointment again?-Make it _ day you like;it s all the same to me.(A)one (B)any (C)some (D)another (答案:B)解析:B。排错法 考点:代词。one day 表示过去或将来的某一天,some day 将来的一一天,any day 随便哪天;another day 另一天。9)-Excuse me,can you tell me where I can find a super market?-I happen to know_nearby.Come on,Ill show you the way.(A)some (B)it (C)that (D)one (答案:D)解析:D 不定代词 one 代表一个泛指的可数名词单数,指代上文提到的 a supermarket,所谓同名称不同的东西,特指;it 表示同名称同一个东西;that 表示同名称不同的东西,特指;some某一个。10)A child may turn ill if_of the parents forms the habit of smoking.(A)both (B)any (C)neither (D)either (答案:D)解析:答案为 D 从谓语动词 forms 可以看出不能用 both,any 表示三个或三个以上的代词。Either 意思为二个中的任何一个。
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