医学类英语词根课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Medical Englishfor postgraduates,主讲人：彭继兰,1,Word building,基本意义单位 第一种符号 第二种符号,(word)(root),人,man anthrop,花,flower antho,时,time chron,色,colour chrom,2,石,stone lith,水,water hydro,生命,life bio,头,head cephal,牙,tooth dent,3,lith-,lithoscope,结石检查器,lithectomy,结石切除术,lithoid,如石的,-lith,urolith,尿结石,nephrolith,肾结石,cholelith,胆结石,4,aerolith,陨石,megalith,巨石,monolith,独石柱,trilith,三石,(,塔,),zoolith,动物化石,entemlith,昆虫化石,5,The parts of human body,人体部位,1,.,头,head capit-caput-L,cephal-G,2.,颈,neck carotico-G,cervic-L,3.,胸,chest pectus-L pectoris a.,steth-G,thorac-G,6,4.,腹,abdomen abdomin-L,lapar-G,5.,腰,waist n.,lumb-L,lumbus L n.,6.,盆,肾盂,pelvis pelvi-L,7.,肩,shoulder om-L,8.,臂,arm brachi-L,brachium n.,9.,肘,elbow cubitus L,7,10.,前臂,forearm antebrachi-,11.,腕,wrist carpus-L,12.,手,hand manu-L manus n.,cheir-kair G,8,13.,指,(,趾,)finger(toe)dactyl-G,dactylogram /fingerprint,指纹,phalanx n.G,digitus n.L,14.,臀,buttock,(breech/nump)clunis L n.,gluteal G a.,gloutos n.,.pyg-G,9,15.,股,thigh femur-L n.,16.,膝,knee genu-L,17.,小腿,leg crus L,18.,踝,ankle talus L n.,19.,足,foot ped-L,pod-G,10,organs and tissues,组织和器官,1,.cell,细胞,cyt-cyte G,2.gland,腺体,aden-G,3.muscule,肌肉,muscul-L,my-G,4.skin,皮肤,derm(at)-G,5.bone,骨,oste-G,6.joint,关节,arthr-G,7.heart,心,cardi-G,心肌,myocardi-,11,8.brain,脑,encephal-G,cerebrum,大脑,cerebr-L,cerebellum,小脑,cerebell-L,9.bile,胆（汁）,bili-L,chole-,chol(o)-G,10.liver,肝,hepat-G,11.stomach,胃,gastr-G,12.intestine,肠,enter-G,12,13.lung,肺,pneumon-G,肺炎,pneumonia ,pneumonitis,14.pneum(at)-,呼吸，空气，肺,气胸,pneumothorax,15.bronchus,支气管,bronch-L,16.spleen,脾,splen-G,17.kidney,肾,nephr-G,ren-L,18.testis,睾丸,orchi(d)-G,13,19.womb,子宫,metr-G,uter-L,20.breast,乳房,mast-G,mamm-L,21.spine,脊柱,rachi-G,22.eye,眼,ophthalm-G,ocul-L,左眼,oculus sinister (0.S.),右眼,oculus dexter (0.D.),14,23.ear,耳,auri-L,外耳，心耳,ot-G otitis media,中耳炎,24.nose,鼻,nas-L,otorhinolaryngology,耳鼻喉科学,rhin-G,rhinophyma,(,肥大性）酒糟鼻,25.throat,咽,pharyng-G,pharynx n.,pharyngitis,咽炎,throat,喉,laryng-G larynx n.,15,喉炎,laryngitis,26.tooth dent-L dentistry,牙科学,dentist,牙科医生,denture,义齿，牙托,odont-G,odontolith,牙结石,27.blood vessel angi-G,vascul-L vascular adj.,vasospasm,血管痉挛,vasoconstriction,血管收缩,16,28.vein,静脉,ven-L phleb-G,29.artery,动脉,arteri-L,30.nerve,神经,neur-G,neurasthenia,神经衰弱,31.blood,血,haem-,hemat-,hem-,32.bladder,膀胱,G cyst-,cystitis,膀胱炎,cystofibroma,囊性纤维瘤,17,33.bile duct,胆管,cholangi-,34.fat,脂肪,lip-G,35.fibre,纤维,fibr-L,36.trachea,气管,trache-G,37.meninx,脑膜,脊髓膜,mening-G,38.spinal cord,脊髓,myel-G,18,39.encephalomyel-,脑脊髓,40.colon,结肠,colo-G,41.thrombus,血栓,thromb-G,（,embolus,，,plug),42.platelet,血小板,thrombocyt-G,19,Diseases and morbid condition,疾病和病态,1,.,炎,(inflammation)-itis G,2.,疼痛,(ache)-algia G,neuralgia,神经疼痛,myalgia,肌肉疼痛,arthralgia,关节疼痛,3.,膨出，疝,(hernia)-cele G,gastrocele,胃疝,4.,扩张,膨胀,(dilation)-ectasis G,bronchiectasis,支气管扩张,20,5.,充血,血症,(congestion)-emia G,anemia,贫血症,leukemia,白血病,bacteremia,菌血症,6.,巨大,肿大,(swelling)-megaly G,hepatomegaly,肝肿大,splenomegaly,脾肿大,7.,瘤,(tumor)-oma G,fibroma,纤维瘤,lipoma,脂肪瘤,encephaloma,脑瘤,21,8.,病,(,异常,),增多,(abnormal increase),-osis acidosis,酸中毒,leukocytosis,白细胞增多,9.,减少,(decrease)-penia G,lymphocytopenia,淋巴细胞减少,leukocytopenia,白细胞减少,10.,麻痹,瘫痪,(paralysis),plegia G,hemiplegia,半身不遂,quadriplegia,四肢瘫痪,22,11.,下垂,(prolapse)-optosis,gastroptosis,胃下垂,choleocystoptosis,胆囊下垂,12.,出血,(hemorrhage)-rrhagia,rhinorrhagia,鼻出血,gastrorrhagia,胃出血,23,Surgical Operation,（外科手术）,1.,穿刺,(puncture),-centisis G,abdominocentisis,腹腔穿刺,thoracocentisis,胸腔穿刺,2.,切除术,(excision,removal,resection),-ectomy G,thyroidectomy,甲状腺切除术,3.,切开术,(incise,incision),otomy G,tracheotomy,气管切开术,angiotomy,血管切开术,24,4.,造口术,吻合术,(anastomose v.anastomosis n.)-ostomy,gastrostomy,胃吻合术,enterostomy,肠造口术,colostomy,结肠造口术,tracheostomy,气管造口术,5.,缝合术,(suture),orrhaphy,cardiorrhaphy,neurorrhaphy,angiorrhaphy,25,Position,方位,1.,在,之上,在,之外,epi-,G,(on,out),epicondyle,髁上骨,epicardium,心外膜,epicardiectomy,心外膜切除术,epidermis,表皮,26,在,上,超过,(above),super-L,supra-L superacute,超急性的,supernormal,超常的,superextension,伸展过度的,supra-epiocondylar,位于髁上骨之上的,supranormal,超常的,suprarenal,肾上的，肾上腺的,27,2,、在,下，次于，不足,sub-L,(under),subacute,亚急性的,subtotal,次全的,subclinical,亚临床的,subcostal,肋下的,subnutrition,营养不足,下，在下,(beneath)infra-L,28,infracostal,肋下的,infracortical,皮质下的,infraorbital,眼眶下的,infra-axillary,腋下的,3,、向内，在内（,within,）,end(o)-,G,endocrine,内分泌,endotoxin,内毒素,29,金,endoscope,内窥镜,endogenous,内源性的,内，在内,(within)intra-,L,intracardiac,心脏内的,intramuscular,肌肉内的,intraoperative,手术中的,intravenous,静脉内的,intrahepatic,肝内的,30,在内，入内，进入,(within)intro-,L,introgastric,导入胃内的,intromit,插入,introvert,性格内向的,introflexion,内屈,4,、外，外侧,(outside)ect(o)-,G,ectocardic,心脏异位的,31,ectogenous,外源性的,ectotoxin,外毒素,向外 、在外,(outside)exo-G,exotoxin,外毒素,exocrine,外分泌,exocardia,心脏异位,外，额外、向内,(outward)extra-L,32,加在形容词之前表示超出、越出,之外,extracellular,细胞外的,extrasystole,期外收缩的,extralegal,法律权力以外的,extraordinary,非凡的,5,、在,前,(before)ante-L,anteflexin (,子宫,),前屈,antemarital,婚前,33,A.M.=antemeridian,午前、上午,antemortem,死前,(before)pre-L,precardium,心前部（心口）,premature,早产的，,precapillary,前毛细血管,presystole,收缩前期,34,前，初，前体,(before,forward)pro-G,proenzyme,酶原,procedure,程序,prochromosome,初染色体,6,、,post-L(after),postmeridian,午后的,postdiastolic,舒张后的,posthepatitic,肝炎后的,35,postcerebral,大脑后的,postwar,战后的,postcerebellar,小脑后的,postmortem,死后,(,尸检,),postgraduate,研究生,retro-L(backward),向后，倒退,retroperitoneal,腹膜后的,retroaction,反作用的,36,retrobronchial,支气管后的,7,、旁，外，副，远处,para-G,parathyroid,甲状旁腺的,paraplegia,截瘫的，下肢麻痹的,parasympathetic,副交感的,8,、在,周围,peri-G,pericardium,心包,37,periosteum,骨膜,perimeter,周长,38,Comparison,对比,1.macro-,大,(,异常体积,)G,巨球蛋白,macroglobulin,巨细胞,macrocyte,巨结肠,macrocolon,肉眼检查,macroscope,mega-G,巨直肠,megarectum,megalo-G,巨 脾,megalosplenia,39,micro-,小,G,微生物,microbe,显微镜,microscope,显微外科,microsurgery,微型手术刀,microtome,微波,microwave,40,2.multi-,多,L,多病灶的,multifocal,多核的,multinuclear,多型的,multiform,多菌感染,multi-infection,细胞簇,multicell,pluri-,多,L,多核的,plurinuclear,41,全血球减少,pluricytopenia,多种耐药性的,pluriresistant,poly-,多,G,多腺瘤,polyadenoma,多血管炎,polyangiitis,红细胞增多症,polycytemia,多动脉炎,polyarteritis,42,oligo-,少,不足,G,红细胞过少,oligocytemia,白细胞过少,oligoleukocytosis,营养不足,oligotrophia,胆汁过少,oligocholia,43,3.tachy-,快,G,心动过速,tachycardia,呼吸急促,tachypnea,记速器,tachymeter,快速免疫法,tachyphylaxis,心收缩过速,(,期外收缩,)tachysystole,44,brady-,慢,G,心动过缓,bradycardia,呼吸徐缓,bradypnea,心舒张期延长,bradydiastole,45,4.hyper-,过高,超过,G,高血压,hypertension,高脂肪血症,hyperlipemia,代谢过盛,hypermetablism,体温过高,hyperthermia,hypo-,低下,过少,G,低血糖症,hypoglycemia,贫血,hypohemia=anemia,低血压,hypotension,甲状腺技能减退,hypothyroidism,46,Examination,检查（方法和仪器）,1.-ography,造影术,X,光照相术,描记法,胆管造影术,cholangiography,心动描记法,cardiography,放射照相术,radiography,断层摄影术,temography,胆囊造影术,cholecystography,47,2.-oscopy,镜检法,检查法,膀胱镜检法,cystoscopy,胃镜检查法,gastroscopy,喉镜检查法,laryngoscopy,气管镜检法,tracheoscopy,结肠镜检法,coloscopy,肝脏检查法,hepatoscopy,48,3.(o)metry-,计数法，测量法,血小板计数法,thrombometry,白细胞计数法,leukocytometry,红细胞计数法,erythrocytometry,结石测定法,lithometry,血红素测定法,hemoglobinometry,49,4,.,-graph G,描记器，记录器 ，照片,肠运动记录器,enterograph,脉搏计,angiograph,呼吸运动描记器,pneumograph,肝搏动描记器,hepatograph,5.-gram,描记波，描记图，照片,肌运动描记波,myogram,心动图,cardiogram,50,5.scope-,镜，检查器,胃镜,gastroscope,气管镜,tracheoscope,膀胱镜,cystoscope,口腔镜,stomatoscope,石镜检查器,lithoscope,呼吸检查器,pneumoscope,肌缩检查器,myoscope,51,6.-(o)meter,计数器，测量器,细胞计数器,cytometer,结石测定器,lithometer,血小板计数器,thrombometer,血成分测定器,hematometer,肠腔测量器,enterometer,血管口径张力器,angiometer,肌力计,myometer,呼吸气量测定器,pneumometer,52,Exercise,1.,关节疼痛,8.,脑膜炎,2.,膀胱疝,9.,血管扩张,3.,脂血症,10.,静脉出血,4.,肝瘤,11.,脾肿大,5.,血小板减少,12.,脑瘫,6.,神经官能症,13.,腰穿,7.,子宫下垂,14.,肝切除术,53,Exercise,1.,关节疼痛,arthralgia,2.,膀胱疝,cystocele,3.,脂血症,lipemia,4.,肝瘤,hepatoma,5.,血小板减少,thrombocytopenia,6.,神经官能症,neurosis,7.,子宫下垂,hysteroptosis,/metroptosis/uteroptosis,54,8.,脑膜炎,meningitis,9.,血管扩张,angiectasis,10.,静脉出血,phleborrhagia,11.,脾肿大,splenomegaly,12.,脑瘫,encephaloplegia,13.,腰穿,lumbocentisis,14.,肝切除术,hepatectomy,55,15.,静脉放血术,16.,胃肠吻合术,17.,血管缝合术,18.,气管切开术,19.,支气管镜检法,20.,充气胃镜检查法,21.,肺,x,光照相术,22.,肾造影术,23.,巨淋巴细胞,24.,显微外科,25.,多动脉炎,26.,细胞增多症,27.,白细胞减少,28.,心动过速,29.,呼吸缓慢,30.,高血糖症,31.,甲状腺机能亢进,32.,低血压,56,15.,静脉放血术,phlebotomy,16.,胃肠吻合术,gastroenterostomy,17.,血管缝合术,angiorrhaphy,18.,气管切开术,tracheotomy,19.,支气管镜检法,bronchoscopy,20.,充气胃镜检查法,pneumogastroscopy,21.,肺,x,光照相术,pneumonography,57,22.,肾造影术,nephrography,23.,巨淋巴细胞,macrolymphocyte,24.,显微外科,microsurgery,25.,多动脉炎,polyarteritis,26.,细胞增多症,cytosis/polycythemia,27.,白细胞减少,oligocytosis,oligocythemia,28.,心动过速,tachycardia,58,29.,呼吸缓慢,bradypnea,30.,高血糖症,hyperglycemia,31.,甲状腺机能亢进,hyperthyroidism,32.,低血压,hypotension,59,Unit One,1.Compared with other nutrients,there is less demand for vitamins and mineral salt.,2.Lack of Vitamin C may result in scurvy,a disease which is characterized by painful muscle,weakness,hemorrhage,fragile bones,loose teeth and dental caries.,60,3.Vitamins are classified according to the letters of English alphabet.They are referred to as Vitamins A,B,C,D,E,K and complex Vitamin B.,4.Nutriology(The science of nutrition)is the study of how food affects human body.,Or:Nutriology is a science which deals with the study of how food affects the human body.,61,5.It is thought that Vitamin C can improve short-term memory and even can“cure”schizophrenia.,62,Unit Four,1.Existence(Subsistence)depends on a continuous supply of food and oxygen.The former enters the human body through the digestive system while the latter through the respiratory system.,2.Sometimes the vessels of the liver or kidneys may contract,in which case the organ could shrink.,63,3.One typical symptom of nephritis is edema which means abnormal accumulation of fluids in body tissues or body cavities.,4.The long-term damage to nephrons has finally made the kidneys completely lose their functions.,5.When renal function is destroyed,the excretory,speed of uric calcium slows down.,64,Unit Six,1,.Although DNA dactyloscopy(fingerprint)was not used as a method of differential examination,it was used to find/seek hereditary marks for hereditary disorders.,2.If only a small number of a childs DNA,strips tally with his mothers or his fathers,the childs parents are others,not those,whose fingerprints have been examined.,65,3,.par.4 on P.39,4.So called viral transduction is to insert the desired gene into a virus that would infect the afflicted tissue and use the virus to get the gene to its target cells with defective genes.,5.The last sentence on page 41.,66,Unit Eight,1.The heart,blood and vessels make up three important parts of the vascular system.,2.The oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins.,3.Capillaries are the small blood vessels which Join the arterioles to venules.,67,4.Mild hypertension is limited by some,specialists to the numbers/readings of,diastolic pressures between 90-110 mmHg.,5.Before middle age a person with systolic pressure above 150 or diastolic pressure above 90 all the time should be considered as a hypertensive.,68,Unit Eleven,1.Leukemia is characterized by abnormal proliferation of leukocytes often with anemia and enlargement of lymph nodes,spleen and liver.,2.At present the causes of leukemia is still unknown.The diagnosis can be made according to the examination of the peripheral blood and spinal cord.,69,3.The changes of quality and quantity in the corresponding types of leukocytes may be found in the patients peripheral blood.,4.In the patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia,their lymphocytes were suspected of being immuno-incompetent.So the patients are susceptible to infection with bacteria and may develop virulent reaction to viral infection.,70,5.Leukemia may occur at any age but children and young people are more susceptible to acute lymphocytic leukemia than the elderly.,Unit Twelve,1.High temperature(with much moisture)with(plus)high humidity is one of the most effective methods to kill(eliminate)microbes.,71,2.Many medical substances have the ability to inhibit the growth and metablism of microbes or kill the microbes.,3.The reaction of tissues to infection are similar to those due to injury,They are both included under the process of inflammation.,72,4.The nature of the process of inflammation depends on many factors,chief among which are the types of tissue in which the infection is lodged and the nature of the causative organism.,5.There is no such an operation that is not companied by a certain degree of inflammation.,73,Unit Eighteen,1.Tumors are abnormal cell of unrestrained growth&tissue masses.,2.Although various factors can be considered as carcinogenic causes,the most important cause is mutation of DNA&RNA.,74,3.As a result of the development of industrialization&technology,there are various carcinogenic agents naturally or man-made in our environment.,4.Malignant tumors can detach themselves from tumor site,travel through the bloodstream and lymphatic system,and establish a new tumor site at a distant region within the body.,75,5.Cause of cancer may not only be extrinsic(outside of the body,or environmental)but may also be intrinsic(originating within the body itself).,76,