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初二下册英语知识点总结
Unit 1 Past and present
1. I used to go to school by bike.
used to do sth.是一个固定结构,意思是“过去常常做某事”,后面用动词原形,表示过去的某种常常性, 习惯性的行为或者动作,并意味着这种动作目前已经不存在。
确定句:I used to play with my friends after school. 过去放学后我常常和朋友们一起玩。
否定句:You didn’t use to like pop songs.=You usedn’t to like pop songs.
你过去不宠爱流行歌曲。
一般疑问句:Did your sister use to be quiet = Used your sister to be quiet
你的妹妹过去常常是很宁静吗?
there be句式:There used to be a lot of fishes in this river. 过去这条小河常常有很多鱼。
【拓展】
(1) be used to do something意思是“被用来做某事”,是动词短语use …to do的被动语态结构。例如:
Knives are used to cut things.小刀是用来切东西的。
(2) be used to doing something意思是“习惯于做某事”,to后接动词-ing形式。例如:
My father is used to living in the village. 我爸爸习惯于住在小山村。
2. Yes, I’d like to.
would like意为“想要”,语气特别委婉。详细用法如下:
(1) would like后接名词或代词,表示“要”某样东西。例如:
I would like a cup of coffee. 我要一杯咖啡。
My mother would like an apple. 我的妈妈想要一个苹果。
(2) would you like后接动词不定式(to do形式),表示意愿, 宠爱,常用于有礼貌地提出邀请, 恳求或建议。例如:
Would you like to help me? 你情愿帮忙我吗?
Would you like to drink some tea 你要喝茶吗?
(3) would like sb. to do sth. 意为“想要某人做某事”。 例如:
I’d like you to meet them. 我想要你见他们。
【留意】
它的确定回答多用Yes, please./Yes, I’d (We’d) like (love) to./Certainly./Yes, thank you.等;I’d love /like to.的to不能省略。否定回答常用No, thanks./No, thank you.等。
例如:
— Would you like some coffee 你要点儿咖啡吗?
—No, thanks.不要了,感谢。
— Would you love to go to the movies with me 你情愿和我一起去看电影吗?
— Yes, I’d love to. 是的,我很情愿。
3. I hope I can visit it again.
本句是hope 后加了一个宾语从句,省略了连接词that。hope有如下用法:
(1) 从说话语气上讲,hope 用于表示可能实现的事情,后接从句时,用陈述语气。例如:
I hope I shall see him again. 我渴望再见他一次。
I hope you haven’t hurt yourself. 但愿你没有受伤。
(2)从含义上讲,hope 多用于指对好事的渴望, 预想;对坏事的预想则多用“I’m afraid...”。 例如:
I hope it will be fine tomorrow. 我渴望明每天气好。
I’m afraid it will rain again. 唯恐还要下雨。
(3) 从时间上看,hope 所渴望的一般指将来或现在的事情,不用于指过去的事情。 例如:
I hope he will come. 我渴望他会来。
(4) 从句型上看,hope 可用hope to do sth.句型,而不能用hope sb. to do sth.句型。例如:
I hope to watch the football match again. 我渴望再看一次那场足球赛。
(5) 要表示“渴望如此”时,常用“I hope so.”其否定形式用“I hope not.”。hope后面还可以接that 从句,意为“渴望……”。 例如:
She hopes that I will pass the exam. 她渴望我能通过考试。
4. The new shopping mall is a good place to have fun.
句中动词不定式短语to have fun作定语,修饰place。动词不定式短语作后置定语,可修饰名词, 符合不定代词等。例如:
Simon is always the first student to get to school. Simon总是第一个到校的学生。
We must find a person to do the work. 我们必需找个人做这项工作。
I have something to tell you. 我有一些事情要告知你。
I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一间屋子住。
5. I spend more time on my homework than before.
spend是动词,意为“花费(时间或金钱)”。其过去式为spent。用法如下:
时间/金钱 + (in) doing sth. 花费时间或金钱做某事
spend +
时间/金钱 + on sth. 花费时间或金钱在某物上
例如:
I spend two hours reading every day. 我每天花两个小时阅读。
He spends 20 yuan on books every month. 他每月花20元买书。
拓展:
表示“花费”的spend, take, cost和pay的辨析:
词语
主语
结构
spend
人(sb.)
sb. spends + 时间或金钱+ (in) doing sth. /on sth.
take
it作形式主语
It takes sb. some time to do sth.(真正主语)
pay
人(sb.)
sb. pays + 金钱+ for sth.
cost
sth.(物)
sth. costs sb. + 金钱
例如:
I spent 3 hours (in) doing /on my homework yesterday. 昨天我花了三个小时做作业。
It took me four hours to go to Wuhan by bus. 乘公共汽车去武汉花了我四个小时。
I paid six yuan for the pen. 我花了六元钱买这支笔。
My English book cost me five yuan. 我的英语书花了我五元钱。
Unit 2 Traveling
1. My parents and I left for the airport in the early morning.
leave作动词,意为“离开(某处)”,常及for连用,后接要去的地方。leave的过去式和过去分词都是left。
He is leaving for Beijing next week. 他下周准备离开去北京。
Mr Smith left the room at two o’clock. 史密斯先生两点离开了房间。
【拓展】
(1)leave还意为“离开(某人)的身边;离弃”。
Her husband has left her. 她的丈夫把她遗弃了。
(2) 动词短语leave something at/in +表示地点的名词,意为“把某物忘在某地”。
I left my key at home. 我把钥匙忘在家里了。
Tom left his English book at school, so he didn’t do his homework.
汤姆把英语书落在学校了,所以没有做英语作业。
(3)leave还意为“听任,使处于某种状态”。
He left the windows open. 他让窗子开着。
2. My dad has been to Chengdu on business twice.
have been to+地点名词,表示“曾经去过某地”,但现在不在那里, 后可接次数,如once,twice,three times等,表示“去过某地几次”,也可和 just,never,ever等连用。
My father has been to Beijing twice.我父亲去过北京两次。
I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
Have you ever been to Beijing 你曾经去过北京吗?
【拓展】
have gone to和have been to是现在完成时的两个典型句式。have gone to+地点名词, 表示“去了某地”,可能已经达到或者在路途中,不在说话的现场。假如have gone to后接地点副词时,要省略to。
Mr. Wang isn’t here.He has gone to Qingdao.
王先生不在这里。他去青岛了。
—Where is Jim?吉姆在哪里?
—He has gone to England.他去英国了。
3. I see Andy playing on the sand too.
see sb. doing sth.意为“看到某人正在做某事”(表示正在进行的动作)。例如:
We saw some young people running wildly in the street.
我们看见一些年轻人正在街上狂跑。
【拓展】
辨析see sb. doing sth.及see sb. do sth.
see sb. doing sth.意为“看见某人正在做某事”,强调动作正在进行。例如:
I saw a monkey eating bananas.
我看见一只猴子正在吃香蕉。
see sb. do sth.意为“看见某人做过某事”,强调动作自始始终的全过程。例如:
I saw them get on the bus.
我看见他们上了公共汽车。
4. At the end of the day, we watched the fireworks…
(1)end 作为不及物动词,意为“结束;终止”,其主语通常是物。例如:
Our morning classes end at 11:50 a.m. 我们上午的课程在11:50结束。
(2)end 作为及物动词,意为“结束;终止”,其主语通常是人。例如:
She ended her email. 她写完了电子邮件。
(3)end 作为名词,意为“结束;结尾”。常用于句型:at the end of意为“在……末尾”。例如:
The bank is at the end of the street.
银行在这条街的终点。
5. What do you think was the best part of the day
do you think作插入语,其位置较为敏捷,可以放在句首, 句中或句尾,在句尾时,常用逗号隔开,在句首时,要用陈述句语序。例如:
What do you think the robot will do 你认为这个机器人将会做什么?
Where do you think he will be 你认为他会在哪里?
When do you think he will come = Do you think when he will come = When he will come, do you think 你认为他什么时候回来?
Unit 3 Online tours
1. how often
how often意为“多久一次”,常用于对时间频率的提问。例如:
How often do you watch TV 你多久看一次电视?
How often do your parents visit your grandparents 你的父母多久看一次你的祖父母?
【拓展】
词语
词义
用法
答语特征
how long
多久
询问时间多久
for/about+一段时间
how often
多久一次
询问动作的频率
often, twice a week等
how soon
多快,过多久
询问时间多快
in+ 一段时间
how far
多远
询问距离多远
ten minutes’ walk
how many
多少
询问可数名词数量
数词+可数名词复数
how much
多少
询问不可数名词数量
数词+表示量的词+不可数名词
多少钱
询问价格
数词+钱
2. It looks like a TV.
look like意为“看起来像……”应用范围最广,除了描述人, 物之外,也能抽象表达事务或现象。例如:
He looks like a famous movie star. 他看起来像一个电影明星。
That bicycle looks just like the one I used to have. 那个自行车看起来像我曾经拥有的那个。
It looks like it's going to rain soon. 天看起来要下雨。
【拓展】
(1)What does/do sb/sth look like 这个句式是询问某个人或物的外貌特征。例如:
—What does the girl look like 那个女孩长什么样?
—She is short and thin. 她又矮又瘦。
(2)be like意为“像……”。例如:
—What is the old man like 那个老人怎么样?
—He is kind. 他很亲善。
3. I agree.
本句中的agree常见用法如下:
(1)agree单独运用,表示“同意, 答应”等。例如:
I asked him to help me and he agreed. 我恳求他帮忙,他答应了。
(2)agree with表示 “同意;赞成”,常用搭配为:agree with +sb. / what sb. said 例如:
Do you agree with me about the need for more schools
关于多建一些学校一事, 你同意我的意见吗
I quite agree with what you said. 我很同意你说的话。
(3)agree to表示“同意;赞成(提议, 安排, 安排等)” 。例如:
Do you agree to this arrangement?你赞成这个安排吗?
I quite agree to their suggestions. 我很同意他们的建议。
(4)agree to do sth“同意做某事”。例如:
He agreed to get someone to help us. 他同意找人来帮我们的忙。
She agreed to get everything ready before I come. 她同意在我到来之前把一切都准备好。
4. Have you noticed the “tour” icon at the top of the page
(1)此处noticed是notice的过去分词。notice此处用作及物动词,意为“留意,留意到”。notice后可以接名词,也可以接从句。例如:
Did you notice the man in black 你留意到那个穿黑衣服的人了吗?
I noticed that you had made great progress. 我留意到你取得了很大的进步。
(2)notice作动词,意为“留意到,留心,看到”。常用于notice sb. do sth.和 notice sb. doing sth.结构中。例如:
Didn’t you notice He has dyed his hair. 你没留意他染了头发。
He was too proud to notice me. 他太高傲了,理都不理我。
Did you notice his hand shaking 你有没有留意到他的手在抖
Did you notice Jack come in 你留意到杰克进来了吗
5. Have you ever dreamt of travelling around the world without passport
dreamt是dream的过去分词,dream 此处用作动词。dream作动词时常用于dream of/about结构中,主要有以下含义:
(1)做梦,梦见,梦到。例如:
I dreamt of / about you. 我梦见了你。
(2)憧憬,渴望,想象。 例如:
I have dreamed of visiting America. 我曾经渴望参观美国。
That boy dreams of becoming a pilot. 那个男儿幻想成为一个飞行员。
【拓展】dream 作名词,意为“梦,愿望,心愿”等。
例如:
It’s my dream to win a Nobel Prize. 我的志向是获得诺贝尔奖。
Your dream has come true. 你的愿望变成了现实。
6. Would you mind showing me how to start this online tour
Would you mind doing sth. 这一句型通常用来表示请他人做某事,常意为“可否请你做……”或“劳驾你做……”。假如同意, 不反对别人做某事,答语用否定形式;例如:Of course not. / Certainly not. 等。 假如不同意, 反对别人做某事,答语用确定形式。一般多用I am sorry...或I’m afraid...等以缓和语气。例如:
-Would you mind making some room for the patient 请你给这位病人让点地方出来行吗?
-Of course not. 当然不介意。
【拓展】
(1)Do (Would) you mind if...句型用来表示恳求对方的许可,即询问对方“是否介意(说话人)做某事”。答语及Would you mind doing sth.相同。例如:
—Do you mind if I smoke 你介意我抽烟吗?
—Not at all, please. 一点也不。
—Would you mind me opening that door 你介意我开门吗?
—I’m sorry, but it’s not allowed. 对不起,这是不允许的。
(2)mind作可数名词,意为“脑子;想法;记性”。例如:
An idea has just come into my mind. 我刚才想到一个办法。
(3)mind的常用短语:
change one’s mind 改变办法
make up one’s mind 作确定
keep...in mind 记住
never mind 不要紧
Unit 4 A good read
1. Have you decided what to do with these books, Hobo
what to do是“特别疑问词+动词不定式”,在句子中作动词decided的宾语。相当于特别疑问词引导的宾语从句。例如:
I don’t know what to do =I don’t know what I can do next.
我不知道下一步做什么。
【拓展】
疑问词what,which,how,where,when等可以和动词不定式连用,构成不定式短语。“疑问词+动词不定式”可以做主语, 宾语, 表语等。例如:
When to start off hasn’t been decided yet. 什么时候动身还没确定。(做主语)
The question is which bus to take. 问题是乘哪辆公共汽车。(做表语)
“疑问词+动词不定式”可以由名词从句简化而来。
I don’t know what I should say. → I don’t know what to say.
我不知道我该说些什么。
2. I’m interested in history books.
be interested in…结构,意为“对……感爱好”,后面跟名词或动名词作宾语。例如:
I am very interested in the interesting story.
我对这个好玩的故事很感爱好。
They are interested in playing computer games.
他们对玩电脑嬉戏感爱好。
【拓展】
辨析:interesting 及interested
这两个词都是形容词。interesting表示某物本身好玩,强调主动,在句子中可以作定语, 表语,多用来修饰物。interested着重于被动意义,其主语一般是人。常做表语,后接介词in,一起构成be interested in…结构,意为“对……感爱好”。例如:
3. After our ship crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could.
as…as one can/could表示“尽某人所能……”,相当于as…as possible。例如:
Please come as early as you can. = Please come as early as possible.
请尽可能早来。
Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as she can.
= Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as possible.
玲玲尽可能多地用英语及同学们交谈。
4. I shouted at them—the loud noise made them all fall over.
make在此处是使役动词,后接省略to的动词不定式,make sb. do sth.意为“使/让某人做某事”,类似的动词还有let,have等。被动语态中,为sb. be made to do sth.,意为“某人被迫做某事”。例如:
They made us forget past. 他们使我们遗忘了过去。
The boss made him work for 15 hours a day.
→He was made to work for 15 hours a day by the boss.
老板让他一天工作15个小时。
【拓展】
make作“使……”讲时,还可用make + 宾语 + 形容词/名词(作宾补),即make sb. / sth. + adj./n.。类似的词还有keep等。例如:
What he said makes us happy. 他所说的话使我们很兴奋。
Don’t keep the door open. 别把门开着。
We made John our monitor. 我们选约翰当班长。
5. Sandy is wondering where to ask for help.
wonder作及物动词,意为“想知道;对……感到怀疑”,常见的用法有:
(1)后接who, what, why, where 等引导的宾语从句。例如:
I wonder who she is. 我想知道她是谁。
She wondered what the child was doing.
她感到怀疑,孩子原委在干什么。
I wonder why Ann is late. 我想知道安为什么迟到了。
I wonder where they have gone. 我想知道他们去哪儿了。
(2)后接 that 引导的宾语从句,表示“对……感到惊异”, that常可省去。 例如:
I wonder (that) she has won the race.
我对她赢了竞赛感到惊异。
(3)后接 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句,常用来表示一种委婉的恳求或疑问。例如:
She wondered whether you were free that morning.
她想知道你那天上午是否有空。
I wonder if he will succeed.
我不知道他会不会胜利。
Unit 5 Good manners
1. You’re old enough to learn about manners now, Hobo.
(1) enough是形容词,意为“足够的,充分的,足够的”,可作表语或定语,作定语时,可放在名词的前面或后面。例如:
The food is enough for the trip. 用于这次旅行的食物足够了。
I have enough time to watch TV. 我有足够的时间看电视。
(2) enough还可作副词,意为“足够得”,这时enough需放在所修饰的形容词或副词后面。
例如:The young man is strong enough to carry the heavy bag.
那个年轻人足够强壮能搬重包。
【拓展】
(1) enough…to do sth. “有足够的……做某事”。例如:
I don’t have enough time to eat lunch. 我没有足够的时间吃午饭。
(2) …enough to do…可以同too…to…或so…that…结构相互转换。例如:
He isn’t old enough to go to school.
= He is too young to go to school.
= He is so young that he can’t go to school.
他太小而不能上学。
2. What do you means
(1)mean作及物动词,表示“准备,意味着”,后接名词,动词不定式短语或从句。例如:
The red light means “Stop”. 红灯表示停止。
I mean to go shopping. 我准备去购物。
The sign means that the road is blocked. 这个标记表示此路不通。
(2)mean的名词形式是meaning,表示“意思, 含义”。例如:
What’s the meaning of the word? 这个单词的是什么意思?
(3)What do / did you mean by... 该句型的意思是“你……是什么意思” 例如:
What do you mean by acting like this 你这样做是什么意思
It was too heavy for me to carry the bag alone. 我独自背这个袋子,真是太重了。
3. If you’re in their way, they won’t touch you or push past you.
这是含有if引导的条件状语从句的复合句,要留意:条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。另外,主句也可以用祈使句或含有情态动词的句子。if译为“假如”。例如:
If the rain doesn’t stop, we will stay here.
假如这场雨不停的话,我们就呆在这儿。
If you work hard, you can speak English well.
只要你努力,你的英语就会讲得很好
I will give him a treat if he comes. 假如他来,我会款待他。
4. British people are very polite at home as well, aren’t they
as well是副词短语,意为“也,还”,相当于too,一般放在句末,有时和连词and或but 搭配运用。例如:
Why don’t you come along as well
为什么你不也一起来呢?
He does other important work as well.
他也从事其它的重要工作。
【拓展】
(1) also意为“也”,用于确定句中,置于be动词/助动词/情态动词之后,行为动词之前。
例如:
He can also play the piano. 他也会弹钢琴。
(2) too有“也”的意思,too用于确定句且置于句末,其前一般用逗号隔开。
Jack is a worker, too. Jack也是工人。
(3) either表示“也”时,用于否定句且置于句末,其前用逗号隔开。
He can’t swim. I can’t swim, either. 他不会游泳,我也不会。
5. I’m sure they’re helpful to us.
be sure意为“确定,有把握”。be not sure意为“不确定;没有把握”。例如:
If you are not sure how to do it, ask me.
假如你不能确定怎样做,就问我。
that从句 意为“信任……;确信……”。
be sure + of… 意为“确定会获得,赢得某物,后接名词或动词-ing形式”。
to do sth. 确定要做某事,确定要做某事。
例如:
We are sure that he is honest. 我们信任他是诚恳的。
You are sure of a warm welcome. 你确定会受到热情的欢迎。
It’s sure to rain tomorrow. 明天确定会下雨。
Unit 6 Sunshine for all
1. It’s meaningful to do something for the Olympics.
本句用了“It is/was + adj. + to do sth.”的结构,It is/was + adj. + to do sth.意为“做某事是……的”,to do sth.为句子的真正的主语,而it为形式主语,形式主语不能用别的词来代替,句中可在形容词后加for sb.,意为“对于某人来说,做某事是……的”。例如:
It’s important for us to learn a foreign language.
对我们来说,学习一门外语是相当重要的。
It’s necessary for us to eat more fruit and vegetables.
对我们来说,多吃蔬菜和水果是必要的。
【拓展】
这个句型中的for sb.有时也可以用of sb. 二者意义有区分:
(1)在It’s + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 中,for sb.意为“对某人来说”,句中的形容词是用来说明to do sth.的,形式主语只能用it。例如:
It’s necessary for the students to do some housework.
对于学生们来说,做些家务是特别必要的。
(2)在It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth. 中of sb. 意为“某人……”,句中形容词可及逻辑主语sb. 构成系表结构,即形容词是用来说明或形容sb.(某人)的。例如:
It’s very kind of you to help us. 你能帮忙我们真是太好了。
2.They include many events similar to those in the Olympics.
be similar to意为“及……相像”,一般用在相近似的物品和情境的对比上。其中to为介词,其后多接名词或者代词。be similar in…意为“在……方面相像”。例如:
His problem is similar to yours. 他的问题和你的相像。
Our cars are similar only in colour.我们的车只是颜色相像。
【拓展】 same 及similar
(1)same意为“相同的,同样的”,其前常用定冠词the。例如:
We have lunch at the same table. 我们在同一张桌子上吃午饭。
(2)similar 意为“相像的,类似的”,并不完全一样。例如:
Lily is similar to Lucy in many ways. 在好多方面莉莉同露西相像。
3. Maybe that’s why this event is so different from other usual games.
different 形容词,意为“不同的”。其名词形式为“difference”。
The two answers are different. 这两个答案是不同的。
Can you tell me the differences between them 你能告知我他们的不同之处吗?
be different from意为“及……不同”。其反义词组为the same as意为“和……一样/相同” 例如:
Sayi
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