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6. The North American buffalo is a case of the near-extinction of a species through hunting.
a case of 在本句中的意思是“一个例子,”相当于“an example of ” 如:
1) This is a case of students cheating on exams. (这就是学生作弊的一个例子。)
2) It is a typical case of misunderstanding.(这就是误解的典解例子。)
在第九单元中我们已经学过case这个词,请注意掌握与case 有关的几个短语:
in any case (无论如何,总之)
in case (假如;以免)
in the case of (就…来说,至于…)
in this case (既然是这样)
through在句中的意思是“由于,因为”, 相当于because.
1) The mistakes were made through carelessness.(这些错误是由于粗心大意造成的。)
2) Many people are hard of hearing through old age.(许多人因年老而听觉不灵。)
7. But even when the danger is widely publicized, the financial rewards for the hunters may be so great that they choose to ignore the threat to the species.
publicize是个动词,意思是“宣传”,在第十七单元中我们已学过这个词,-ize是一个动词后缀,通常用在形容词的后面构成动词。
financial rewards 意思是“赏金”。reward 在本句中作名词,有时也可作动词用,如:
1) He offered a reward of 1000 yuan for the finder of his pet dog.(他给拾得他的宠物狗的人酬谢1000元。)
2) His efforts were rewarded by success.(他的努力获得了成功。)
choose后面接不定式,表示“选定,愿意”,如:
1)He chose to stay there for another week. (他决意在那儿再住一周。)
2)I chose to say nothing about it.(我决意对那件事闭口不谈。)
在名词threat后面用介词to,表示“对…的威胁”。如:
The clearance of vegetation will be a great threat to the wildlife.(把植被砍伐殆尽对野生动物将是极大的威胁。)
8. And animals are sometimes killed out of a wish to reduce numbers to help the species to survive.
out of 在本句中以与前一个几句子中的意思是“出于”,如:
1)He was silent out of embarrassment.(他由于窘迫而沉默。)
2)She opened the mail out of curiosity. (她出于好奇打开了邮件。)
句子中前一个动词不定式to reduce number…在句子中作定语,修饰名词wish.如:
1) They failed in their attempt to land on the island.(他们在岛上登陆的企图失败了。)
2) I have no confidence in my ability to fulfil the task.(我对自己完成这项任务的能力没有信心。)
句子中的第二个动词不定式to help the species to survive做目的状语,相当于so as to或in order to help the species…。如:
1)He worked harder (so as) to catch up with the others.(他更努力地学习以赶上别人。)
2)To achieve the aim, we must learn from others. (为了实现这个目标,我们必须向他人学习。)
9.The killing of the Canadian seals is claimed to be for this purpose, and the use of their skins for furs is only a by-product.
be claimed to 在本句中的意思是“据说”。如:
He is claimed to have inherited a lot of money.(据说他继承了一大笔钱。)
for this purpose 意思是“为这个目的”。如:
1)They decided to have a talk for military purpose. (为了军事目的,他们决定进行一次会谈。)
2)For this purpose, I gave him all the necessary materials. (为了这个目的,我把所需的材料都给了他。)
请注意掌握与 purpose有关的一些短语:
on purpose (为了;故意地)
to the purpose (中肯的;合适的)
10. There is always the chance that enough off-spring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment-provided it still exists, and that hunters don't kill them again!
本句中的第一个that引导的是一个同位语从句,对名词chance做进一步解释。
Provided在句中做介词用,相当于if.如:
1)I will give you the money provided you tell me the truth. (如果你说实话,我会给你钱。)
2)He will come to the party provided he has time.(如果有时间他会来参加聚会。)
在词汇部分我们提到过,口语中常用providing替代provided.
11.But the parks are large, the wardens few and the determination of hunters very great.
本句中,形容词few和great的前面省去了be 动词(few 前省去了are ,great 前省去了is),作者是要告诉读者,公园太大,管理人太少,猎人们的决心太过坚定,因而野生动物的保护问题仍然难得解决。
12.The hunters were armed with modern weapons and several people were killed.
arm在本句中用作动词,意思是“武装,装备”,be armed with意思是“以…装备起来的”。
1)They believed they would win as they were armed with modern weapons.
(他们坚信自己会赢,因为他们有现代化的武器装备。)
2)Armed with secretarial skills she will find a job easily.(具备了秘书的技能,她会很容易地找到一份工作。)
13. … and tourism can add to the income of countries.
add to的意思是“增加”,如:
1)The newly built squares add to the beauty of this city.(新建的广场增加了这座城市的美观。)
2)Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit.(有你的陪同,我们这次访问更加愉快了。)
3)I hope my arrival would not add to your difficulties. (希望我的到来不能增添你们的困难。)
本课主要词组
1. keep pace with
2. compete with
3. because of
4. at such a rate
5. at surprising speed
6. a case of
7. choose to
8. lead to
9. such as
10.out of existence
11. out of fear
12. be claimed to
13. for this purpose
14. be concerned about
15. under threat of
16. be armed with
17. add to
18. look after
19. in a different form
Text B The Killer Smogs
短语表达
1. be filled with
Her eyes were filled with tears when she told us the story.
The room is filled with boxes of all sizes.
2. wash away
The rich soil was washed away as there were no trees and grass to hold it.
It took her quite a while to wash away the stains on her coat.
3. be caused by
Lung cancer might be caused by excessive smoking.
The accident was caused by the driver's carelessness.
4. be known for
He is known for his wide scope of knowledge.
Scotland is known for its beautiful countryside.
5. combine with
It is necessary to combine theory with practice.
See what will happen if you combine hydrogen with oxygen.
6. prevent from
Bad weather prevented them from going camping.
The terrible noise prevented me from getting a good sleep.
7. pile up
Pile up the books on the table, please.
Don't wait until problems pile up.
8. due to
The train was late due to heavy fog.
Our achievements are due to their help.
9. add to
His explanation added to her annoyance.
More happiness will be added to people's life if you are generous enough to give praise.
6. In addition to breaking the law themselves, people tolerate various levels of crime.
in addition to意思是“除…之外(还)…”, to是介词,在其后要用名词或动名词。
1)In addition to bread, I bought you some milk. (除了面包,我还给你买了些牛奶。)
2)In addition to holding a full-time job, he tutored some primary school children.
(除了一份全日制的工作,他还辅导几个小学的孩子。)
tolerate是个与物动词,意思是put up with (忍受、宽恕);accept (允许)
1)They tolerate the existence of opinions contrary to their own. (他们允许相反观点的存在。)
2)I cannot imagine how he tolerated the isolation. (我不能想象他是如何忍受这份孤独的。)
7. We become used to seeing blood on the news on television. Become是一个连系动词,used to与连系动词或be动词连用,意思是“习惯”,used to单独用时,意思是“过去,曾经”。
1) He is getting used to living in the south. (他正在习惯南方的生活。)
2) I have become used to getting up early in the morning. (我已习惯早起。)
1) He used to work for the government. (他曾为政府做事。)
2) They used to live in the same city. (他们曾在同一座城市生活过。)
请注意be used to中的to是个介词,后面要用名词或动名词,used to中的to是个不定式符号,后面用动词原形。
8. When it comes to respecting the rights of a mass of anonymous individuals, we might not be so responsible.
When it comes to相当于so far as…is concerned意思是“就…而言”,“说到…时”。To是个介词,后面用名词或动名词。
1) He is not good at math, but when it comes to English, he is the best. (他的数学不好,要说到英语他是最好的。)
2)When it comes to giving due respect to the old people, she feels a bit uneasy.
(说到给老人应有的尊敬,她有些不自在。)
请注意mass与mess的区别。Mass的意思是“团,块;群;大量”;mess的意思是“混乱;一团糟”。
1) The floating masses office would prove to be a threat to the ships. (大块大块的浮冰对船只将是个威胁。)
2) They have collected a great mass of data. (他们已收集了大量资料。)
3) The room is a mess. (这房间又脏又乱。)
4) They made a mess of the job. (他们把事情搞得一团糟。)
9. While most people would not steal a wallet containing $50, they may not mind cheating on taxes, because cheating on taxes does not hurt any one person.
本句中的while意思是although(虽然,尽管),如:
1) While he is respected, he is not well-liked. (尽管他受人尊敬,但并不被人喜欢。)
2) While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. (尽管我承认他的优点我还是看到他的缺点的。)
在动词mind的后面要用动名词、名词短语或从句:
1) Mind the wet paint! (当心,油漆未干。)
2) Mind your own business! (别管闲事!)
3) Would you mind my smoking? (我抽烟你介意吗?)
4) I don't mind tell him all I know. (我不介意把我所知道的都告诉他。)
5) Mind that you don't forget the meeting. (注意别忘了开会。)
10. Perhaps this is why someone who robs a few dollars by force from a corner store will often end up with a longer jail term than a fraud artist who swindles thousands of dollars…
by force意思是“凭借暴力,强迫地”,如:
1) Several youngsters robbed the bank by force. (几个年轻人以暴力抢劫银行。)
2) The boy was robbed of his money by force. (那个男孩的钱被强抢了。)
end up的意思是“结束,告终”,如:
1) You will end up in prison if you go on stealing. (如果你继续偷下去,你最终会进监狱的。)
2) Wasteful people usually end up in debt. (挥霍浪费者最后往往负债。)
3)We ended up taking a taxi there. (我们最终乘出租车去了那儿。)
4)The party ended up with a chorus. (晚会最后以合唱结束。)
5)If we go on in this way, we shall end up with millions and millions of unemployed.
(如果我们继续这样下去,结果会有数百万人失业。)
term在本句中的意思是“期限”,如:
serve one's term of service (服规定年限的兵役)
get a term of ten years in prison (被判十年徒刑)
during one's term of office (任职期间)
11. The police would never be able to keep an eye on everyone, and people would still find ways to bend new laws.
keep an eye on意思是“照看;密切注意”,如:
1) Can you keep an eye on the baby while I go shopping? (我去购物时你能帮我照看一下孩子吗?)
2) Parents won't be able to keep an eye on the children all the time. (父母不可能时时注意孩子们。)
bend在本句中的意思是“任意歪曲,篡改”,如:
1) They tried in vain to bend the rules of the game. (他们篡改比赛规则的企图没有成功。)
2) He took advantage of his power to bend the law to suit his own purposes.
(他利用权力篡改法律以适合自己的目的。)
本课主要词组
1. think of 2. be aware
3. go through 4. in case
5. divide into 6. in the same way
7. range from 8. in addition to
9. be tolerant of 10. become used to
11. care about 12. prevent from
13. when it comes to 14. by force
15. end up 16. keep an eye on
Text B Marriage in iran and America:a study in contrasts
短语表达
I. Phrases and expressions
pare with
Compared with the products of their factory, ours are superior in quality.
Compared with many other women in her days, she was really lucky.
2. for the purpose of
He cheated on the exam for the purpose of getting a high score.
He told a lie for the purpose of avoiding a possible punishment.
3. a number of
A number of local residents have moved to a new residential area.
A number of miners who had been trapped were saved.
4. be willing to
He was willing to lend us a helping hand when we were in need.
The man was not willing to admit that he was wrong.
5. be married to
She was married to a handsome young man from Germany.
The girl stood up and said she was willing to be married to the poor artist.
6. be involved in
No one wanted to be involved in this matter.
Mr. Li didn't expect that his son could be involved in this robbery.
7. respond to
How did the audience respond to your speech?
He responded to his wife's complaints by turning a deaf ear to her.
8. be allowed to
He is allowed to read in prison.
The boy is not allowed to play video games.
Text A the language of uncertainty
本课主要单词
1. dominate v. rule, control (统治,支配,控制)
domination n. 统治、支配、控制
1)He felt ill at ease living in a white-dominated society. (他觉得生活在一个白人统治的社会里很不自在。)
2)His opinion dominated the other members of the committee.
(他的看法对委员会的其他成员起了决定性影响。)
3)This issue dominated the discussion. (这个议题在讨论中占了首要地位。)
4)Agriculture has lost its dominance in many countries. (农业在许多国家已失去了优势。)
5)The domination of Europe over the rest of the world has long since declined.
(欧洲对世界其他地区的支配作用早已衰弱。)
2. judgment n. 判决;看法;判断
judge v. 审判;判断;认为 n. 法官;裁判员
1) He hoped the judgment would be in his favor. (他希望判决对他有利。)
2) He sometimes couldn't live with himself if he made a mistake in judgment.
(如果判断失误,他有时不能容忍自己。)
3) In my judgment, we should do it right now. (依我看,我们应该马上做这件事。)
4) He was brought to the judge, accused of stealing. (他被指控行窃而带到法官面前受审。)
5) Mr. Li is going to be a judge of a beauty contest. (李先生将做选美比赛的评判员。)
6) The young man was judged innocent. (那个年轻人被判无罪。)
7) We cannot judge whether it is right or wrong. (我们不能判断这是对还是错。)
8) I judge she knew what she was doing. (依我看,她当时知道她在干什么。)
3. editorial n. 社论 adj. 编辑的
editor n. 编辑
edit v. 编辑;校订;修改
1) This issue carries a weighty editorial on education. (这期登了一篇有关教育的很有分量的社论。)
2) The editorial policies haven't changed a bit over the years. (这些年来编辑方针没有丝毫改变。)
3) He was made assistant editor on the paper. (他被任为那报纸的助理编辑。)
4) The chief editor was on a business trip. (主编出差了。)
5) Scholars often edit Shakespeare's plays. (学者们常校订莎士比亚的剧本。)
6) He is carefully editing his speed. (他正在仔细修改自己的讲稿。)
4. wage n. 工资,报酬 v. 进行,开展
wage(s)通常指付给从事体力劳动或技术工作的人们的报酬,也可以指按星期付给从事该类工作的人们的工资。
1) They stopped working to press for better wages and working conditions.
(他们停止工作,要求更高的报酬和更好的工作条件。)
2) His wages are 200 dollars a week. (他的工资是200美元一周。)
3) They waged a campaign against cheating on exams. (他们开展了反对考试作弊的运动。)
4) Germany waged a war against Poland. (德国对波兰开战。)
5. probability n. 可能性;概率
probable adj. 可能的
在前一单元中,我们学习了副词probably,同时也讲了名词probability和形容词probable的用法。再请看几个例句:
1) The probability of an earthquake disturbed everybody. (地震的可能使每一个人不安。)
2) In all probability, they could perform many different musical instruments.
(他们很可能会演奏许多种不同的乐器。)
3) Every event has a particular probability of occurring. (每个事件都有其特定的发生率。)
4) This is the most probable interpretation of the situation. (这是对形势的最可能的解释。)
5) Xiao Wang is the probable winner. (小王是颇有希望得胜的人。)
6) It is probable that he forgot. (他或许是忘记了。)
6. verbal adj. 言辞的;口头的;动词的
1) This job calls for excellent verbal talent. (这份工作需要极好的口才。)
2) The difference is merely verbal. (差别仅仅在于措辞。)
3) “en” and “-ize” are common verbal endings. (“en” 和 “-ize”是常见的动词词尾。)
verbal instructions (文字说明) a verbal protest (口头抗议)
a verbal agreement (口头协议)
7. imprecision n. 不精确,不正确 imprecise adj. 不精确的;不正确的
im-是一个前缀,通常加在以 “m”、 “p”、或 “b”为首的形容词、副词和名词前,构成反义词。如:immature (不成熟的),immodest (不谦虚的),immoral (不道德的);impossible (不可能的), impolite (不礼貌的),impatience (不耐心);imbalance (不平衡)等等。
-ion是一个名词后缀,我们已经多次碰到过,如protection (保护), extension (延伸)。
1)The imprecision of the ordinary words led to many misunderstandings.
(日常用词意义的含混引起了许多误解。)
2) The imprecision of the ruler gave him a lot of trouble. (尺子的不精确给他带来了很多麻烦。)
3) My ideas about it were imprecise. (我对这个问题的看法不准确。)
4) The terms he used were imprecise. (他用的术语不确切。)
8. denote v. indicate, show (指示;代表;是…的标记)
1) Dark clouds denote rain. (乌云是下雨的预兆。)
2) Red flares denote danger. (红色火焰是危险的标记。)
3) My identity was denoted by a plastic label on my wrist. (我手腕上的塑料标签表明了我的身份。)
9. subjective adj. 主观的
subject n. 主观;题目;学科;臣民;主语 adj. 受支配的;易受…的
1) It is only my subjective impression. (这仅是我的主观印象。)
2) How can you fully believe his subjective judgement? (你怎能完全相信他的主观判断?)
3) What's the subject for today’s debate? (今天辩论的题目是什么?)
4) I am taking four subjects this semester. (本学期我选四门课。)
5) He is a British subject. (他是英国臣民。)
6) India is no longer subject to British rule. (印度不再受英国统治了。)
7) This area is subject to seasonal winds. (这个地区常遭受季风的袭击。)
10. potentially adv. 可能地,潜在地
potential adj. 潜在的,可能的 n. 潜力,可能性
1) Electricity is potentially dangerous. (电是潜力的危险。)
2) The dispute has scared away potential investors. (这场争论吓跑了可能的投资者。)
3) The hole in the road is a pot
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