轮机英语.pptx

China Maritime Police AcademyLesson ThreeDiesel Engine Construction China Maritime Police Academy3.1 New words and expressions1bedplaten.机座2framen.机架A-shapedframeA字形机架entablature机架，支架3boltn.螺栓boltsandnuts螺栓和螺母v.Thebedplateisboltedtotheseating.机座（被）用螺栓固定在底座上。4seatingn.底座Theseatingformsapartofthedoublebottomoftheship.底座形成船舶双层底的一部分。5linern.内衬，衬套cylinderliner缸套，缸衬China Maritime Police Academy6side-chockboltn.侧楔垫螺栓end-chockbolt端楔垫螺栓7bearingn.轴承bearingcap轴承帽，轴承盖mainbearing主轴承8crossheadn.十字头crossgirder十字横梁crossheadbearing十字头轴承9studn.双头螺栓10thrustblockn.推力块thrustbearing推力轴承thruster推力器China Maritime Police Academy11camshaftn.凸轮轴12casingn.箱子，外壳thechaindrivecasing链驱动箱thecastironcasing铸铁箱thepumpcasing泵壳13jacket外套cylinderjacket气缸套14flangen.法兰，凸缘，飞边verticalflanges垂直法兰15grooven.沟，槽pistonringandgroove活塞环和环槽slotn.槽16indicatorcock示功旋塞，也叫示功考克China Maritime Police Academy17.dowelpinn.定位销18.narrowa.窄的broada.宽的widea.宽广的19.distributorn.分配器anoildistributorring布油环20.rounda.圆的v.弄圆beroundedontheexternaltop外部顶端成圆角21.annulara.环形的toformanannularspace形成一个环形空间22.assemblyn.组件assemblev.组装reassemblev.重新组装disassemblev.拆开，分解China Maritime Police Aponentn.成分，组成，部件=part24.horizontallyadv.水平地verticallyadv.垂直地25.ductn.粗而短的管子，比较pipe管道,tube试管andhose软管26.shimn.垫片shimsofdifferentthicknesses不同厚度的垫片27.clearancen.间隙toadjusttheclearance调整间隙China Maritime Police Academy28.channeln.通道=passage，频道，狭长的水道theEnglishChannel英吉利海峡29.carrierringn.承磨环30.built-ina.内装的，机内的，固定的31.tap-boltn.锥体螺栓32.whitemetal白合金33.telescopicpipe伸缩管，拉管34.fittedboltn.紧配螺栓China Maritime Police Academy35extendv.Thecaptainextendedour4thengineersholidaybytwodays.船长把三管轮的假期延长了两天。Thecylinderlinersareextendedsomewhatdownintheframe.缸套稍稍向下延伸进入机架。36.securev.Thebedplateandframesaresecuredtogetherbylongtierods.机座和机架由长贯穿螺栓紧固在一起。37.mountv.Theframesaremountedonandboltedtothebedplate.机架被安装并用螺栓固定在机座上。38.exposev.Somemachinepartsareexposedtohightemperature.一些机器部件暴露于高温中。China Maritime Police Academy39.screwn.ascrewdriverv.bescrewedintotheplate被旋入机座中40.castironn.caststeel铸钢41.machine-turneda.amachine-turnedslot机加工的槽42.heat-resistanta.aspecialheat-resistantsteel特殊耐热钢China Maritime Police Academy43.pistonskirt活塞裙pistoncrownorpistonhead活塞头pistonrod活塞杆44.machine-turnedrecesses机加工的凹槽45.narrowringshavingdiagonalcuts带有斜切口的窄环46.broadringswithoverlappingendjoints带有重叠搭口的宽环47.duringtherunning-inperiod在磨合期间China Maritime Police Academy48.thermalstress热应力49.todirectthecoolingliquidflow引导冷却液流50.tointensifytheconventionalcocktailshakereffect加强，加剧常规的“鸡尾振荡”效应51.theoutsidediameterofthepipe管子的外径55.toensurethecorrectassemblyofthecomponents确保各部件的正确组装China Maritime Police Academy56.crossheadshoes十字头滑块crossheadguides十字头导板guideshoes导板滑块57.bewhitemetallined表面浇有白合金58.bedistributedevenly均匀分布59.theforcedlubricatingsystem强力润滑系统60.articulatedpipes伸缩管telescopicpipes伸缩管China Maritime Police Academy61.theslottedpipes开槽的管子62.sightglass观察镜63.pistonrodstuffingbox活塞杆填料箱64.sealingringsandscraperrings密封环和刮油环65.coilsprings弹簧圈，卡簧China Maritime Police Academy66.crankpinbearings曲柄销轴承pressionshims压缩片，调整片68.lubricationgrooves滑油槽69.thebearingclearances轴承间隙70.theforce-feedlubricationsystem强力润滑系统China Maritime Police AcademyBedplate(机座机座)and Frame(机架机架)Thebedplate,which in most cases is of the welded design,is bolted to the seatingwhich forms part of the double bottom of the ship.在大多数情况下机座是焊接结构，用螺栓固定在构成船舶双层底的底座上。3.2 Text Diesel Engine ConstructionChina Maritime Police AcademyCylinder blockA-Frame(Entablature)BedplateTie rodSeatingCylindercoverChina Maritime Police AcademyIt is secured(固固定定)in the transverse(横横向向的的)direction by means of bolts known as side-chock bolts(侧侧楔楔螺螺栓栓)and in longitudinal(纵纵 向向 的的)direction by means of end-chock bolt(端楔螺栓端楔螺栓).它它在在横横向向借借助助于于侧侧楔楔垫垫螺螺栓栓，在在纵纵向向借借助于端楔垫螺栓固定助于端楔垫螺栓固定。China Maritime Police AcademyThecrankshaftrests(放放置置、坐坐落落)inbearingbuilt into cross girders(横梁横梁)of the bedplate.曲轴安放在机座横梁的轴承上。China Maritime Police AcademyBearingCross girderHousingChina Maritime Police AcademyThese bearings,known as main bearings,each consist of two shells(轴轴 瓦瓦)which are supported in housings(轴轴承承座座)machined in the bedplate and secured by means of studs(双双头头螺螺栓栓)and bearing caps(轴轴承盖承盖).这些轴承称作主轴承。每个轴承由两块轴瓦组成，两块轴瓦由在机座上加工出的瓦座支撑，用双头螺栓和轴承盖固定，China Maritime Police AcademyThe thrust block or thrust bearing(推推力力轴轴承承),located at the aft end of the engine,may be integral with,or separate from,the bedplate.即推力轴承位于发动机的尾部，可同机座制成一体，也可同机座分开。China Maritime Police Academy*On the flat(平平的的)upper surface of the bedplateare arrangeda number of A-shaped frames or entablatures(机机架架)which may be manufactured of cast iron or fabricated steel(锻锻钢钢).The frames are mounted on and bolted to the bedplate cross girders.在在机机座座上上平平面面装装有有若若干干铸铸铁铁或或锻锻钢钢制制成成的的A形形机机架架，机机架架安安装装在在机机座座的的横横梁梁上上，并并用用螺螺栓栓固固定。定。China Maritime Police AcademyAt the top of the A-frames there is a strong cast iron frame called the scavenging air box,A形机架顶部有一个结实的框架结构叫扫气箱。形机架顶部有一个结实的框架结构叫扫气箱。China Maritime Police Academywhich is built of a number of sections provided with vertical flanges(法法兰兰)enabling them to be bolted together to form a block for 1-3 cylinders in front of the chain transmission,and a block with 4-6 cylinders aft of the chain transmission.该该扫扫气气箱箱分分若若干干段段，每每段段均均带带有有垂垂直直法法兰兰，通通过过螺螺栓栓可可将将它它们们在在链链传传动动装装置置前前1 13 3缸缸的的部部分分连连成成一一体体，链链传动装置后传动装置后4 4缸缸6 6缸的部分连成一体。缸的部分连成一体。China Maritime Police AcademyThe chain transmission,forming the connection between the crankshaft and the camshaft,is enclosed in a cast iron casing known as the chain drive casing.链链传传动动装装置置将将曲曲轴轴和和凸凸轮轮轴轴连连在在一一起起，封封闭闭在链传动箱的壳体内。在链传动箱的壳体内。China Maritime Police AcademyCylinders and Covers气缸和气缸盖气缸和气缸盖 On top of scavenging air box is mounted a strong cast iron frame for each cylinder.在在扫扫气气箱箱上上部部，每每个个气气缸缸装装有有一一个个坚坚固固的铸铁框架。的铸铁框架。China Maritime Police AcademyThese frames are known as cylinder blocks or cooling jackets,which are provided with vertical flanges enabling them to be bolted together in the foremost and aftmost groups in the same way as the scavenging air boxes.这这些些框框架架称称作作气气缸缸体体或或冷冷却却水水套套，并并带带有有垂垂直直法法兰兰，与与扫扫气气箱箱一一样样，可可用用螺螺栓栓将将各各框框架架连成首尾一组。连成首尾一组。China Maritime Police AcademyThe bedplate,frames and cylinder blocks are secured together by long tie-rods to achieve a greater rigid constructionwithless deformationin service and lower vibration.机机座座、机机架架和和气气缸缸体体用用长长贯贯穿穿螺螺栓栓连连到到一一起起，形形成成一一个个较较大大的的坚坚实实结结构构，减减少少了了使使用用时时产产生生的变形及振动。的变形及振动。China Maritime Police AcademyThe cylinder liners are made of alloyed cast iron and the cylinder surfaces are sometimes chromium-plated(镀铬镀铬).气缸套由铸铁制造，缸套表面有时镀铬。气缸套由铸铁制造，缸套表面有时镀铬。China Maritime Police AcademyThe cylinder liners are extend somewhat down in the scavenging air box,and sealing between the liner and the top of the scavenging air box is achieved by the rubber rings fitted into the slots machine-turned(机加工的机加工的)in the liners.气气缸缸套套有有些些向向下下延延伸伸到到扫扫气气箱箱。缸缸套套与与扫扫气气箱箱顶顶部部的的密密封封由由橡橡胶胶圈圈实实现现，橡橡胶胶圈圈安安装装在在缸套上切削的环槽内。缸套上切削的环槽内。China Maritime Police AcademyIn the part of the cylinder liner inside the scavenging air box there is a series of openings known as scavenging air ports.在在气气缸缸套套伸伸入入扫扫气气箱箱内内的的部部位位有有一一系系列列开开口口就是所谓的扫气口。就是所谓的扫气口。China Maritime Police AcademyThese ports are located at such a height that they are just exposed by the upper edge of the piston when the piston is in the bottom dead-center position.气气口口的的高高度度是是这这样样布布置置的的，当当活活塞塞位位于于下下止止点时，活塞上缘刚好打开气口。点时，活塞上缘刚好打开气口。China Maritime Police AcademyThe ports are drilled in the liners at an angle of approx.20,the result being that the scavenging air is given a rotary movement.气气口口在在缸缸套套上上以以大大约约20。的的倾倾角角钻钻成成，其其结结果是使扫气旋转。果是使扫气旋转。China Maritime Police AcademyEach cylinder is closed at the top by a cylinder cover,made of a special heat-resistant steel(耐耐热热钢钢).每每个个缸缸体体由由缸缸盖盖顶顶部部封封闭闭，缸缸盖盖由由特特殊殊耐耐热热钢制成。钢制成。China Maritime Police AcademyThe cover is mounted against a flat surface at the top of the cylinder liner and located on the liner by means of a machine-turned guide edge.缸缸盖盖装装在在缸缸套套顶顶部部的的平平面面上上，并并由由机机械械加工的凸肩定位。加工的凸肩定位。China Maritime Police AcademyA sealing ring is inserted in a groove turned in the conical(园园锥锥形形的的)part of the cover.The fitting of the sealing ring in the conical surface must be carried out with great care.密密封封圈圈嵌嵌入入在在缸缸盖盖锥锥形形部部分分车车削削的的环环槽槽中中。将密封圈嵌入锥形面时必须十分小心。将密封圈嵌入锥形面时必须十分小心。China Maritime Police AcademyThe cylinder covers and the liners are bolted together by means of studs screwed into the cylinder frames.气气缸缸盖盖和和气气缸缸套套用用旋旋入入缸缸体体中中的的双双头头螺螺栓栓固固定。定。China Maritime Police AcademyThe cylinder liner has drillings for cylinder lubrication,and,in later types,has drillings for cooling water at the uppermost part of it.缸套上有钻孔，用于润滑，新型的缸套在其缸套上有钻孔，用于润滑，新型的缸套在其最上部钻孔用于冷却。最上部钻孔用于冷却。China Maritime Police AcademyIn each cylinder cover is a large central opening for mounting the exhaust valve,and two or three holes for the fuel valves.每每个个缸缸盖盖上上有有一一个个大大型型的的中中心心孔孔，用用于于安安装装排气阀，还有两到三个用于装喷油器；排气阀，还有两到三个用于装喷油器；China Maritime Police AcademyThe cylinder cover is also provided with holes for:the starting valve;the safety valve;the indicator cock(示示功功器器旋旋塞塞);the cooling-water inlet and the cooling-water outlet to the exhaust valve cooling chamber.还还有有些些孔孔用用来来安安装装起起动动阀阀、安安全全阀阀、示示功阀，以及排气阀冷却水腔的进出口。功阀，以及排气阀冷却水腔的进出口。China Maritime Police AcademyA piston consists of a lower partpiston skirt(活活塞塞裙裙)of cast iron and an upper part or crown(活活塞塞头头)made of a special heat-resistant steel.They are bolted together and fixed to the piston rod.活活塞塞由由其其下下部部铸铸铁铁制制成成的的活活塞塞裙裙，以以及及上上部部耐耐热热钢钢制制成成的的活活塞塞头头组组成成。它它们们用用螺螺栓栓连在一起并固定在活塞杆上。连在一起并固定在活塞杆上。Pistons and Piston rods活塞及活塞杆活塞及活塞杆China Maritime Police AcademyPiston crownPiston skirtPiston rodPiston ringChina Maritime Police AcademyThe position of the piston parts in relation to each other is secured by means of machine-turned recesses(凹凹槽槽)and a dowel pin(定定位销位销)in the crown.活活塞塞部部件件相相互互间间的的位位置置由由活活塞塞头头上上车车削削的的凹凹槽和定位销来固定。槽和定位销来固定。China Maritime Police AcademyEach piston is provided with five or six piston rings fitted in chromium plated grooves in the crown.The two or three topmost rings are narrow rings having diagonal cuts(斜斜切切口口式式),while the next two are broad and are provided with overlapping end joints.每每个个活活塞塞装装有有五五至至六六道道活活塞塞环环，活活塞塞环环装装在在头头部部镀镀铬铬的的环环槽槽中中。最最上上面面的的两两三三道道活活塞塞环环是是带带斜斜切切口口的的窄窄环环，紧紧接接下下去去的的两两道道活活塞塞环环是是带有重叠搭口的宽环。带有重叠搭口的宽环。China Maritime Police AcademyThe lowest ring is an oil distributor ring.最下面的那道环是刮油环。最下面的那道环是刮油环。Diagonal cuts Overlapping end jointChina Maritime Police AcademyAll the rings are slightly rounded on their external top and bottom edges to keep the oil film on the cylinder liner during the running-in period(跑跑合合期期、磨合期磨合期)for new piston rings.所所有有活活塞塞环环顶顶部部和和底底部部的的外外缘缘都都稍稍有有倒倒角角，以便在新活塞环磨合期间缸套上留有油膜。以便在新活塞环磨合期间缸套上留有油膜。External topExternal bottomChina Maritime Police AcademyIn order to control thermal stresses,thin-wall intensively cooled pistons(薄薄壁壁强强制制冷冷却却式式活活塞塞)are used for some types of modern engines.为为了了控控制制热热应应力力，某某些些现现代代柴柴油油机机采采用用薄薄壁壁集中冷却活塞。集中冷却活塞。China Maritime Police AcademyIn this case,the piston has an internal insert in the piston crown,which serves only to direct the cooling liquid flow and,thereby,to intensify the conventional cocktail shaker(振荡冷却振荡冷却)effect.在在这这种种情情况况下下，活活塞塞头头内内部部有有一一插插件件，它它用用来来对对冷冷却却液液流流导导向向，由由此此可可增增强强传传统统的的“鸡鸡尾尾震震荡荡”效应。效应。China Maritime Police AcademyThe piston rods are bored from the top flange to a point opposite the center of the crosshead(十十字字头头).Through this bore,a long pipe is inserted which goes nearly to the bottom of the bore.活活塞塞杆杆从从顶顶部部法法兰兰到到与与十十字字头头中中心心相相对对位位置置处镗孔。一根长管从此插入接近孔底。处镗孔。一根长管从此插入接近孔底。China Maritime Police AcademyPipeChina Maritime Police AcademyThe outside diameter of the pipe is less than the diameter of the bore,the result being that an annular space is formed between the piston rod and the pipe.管管的的外外径径小小于于孔孔的的直直径径，因因此此在在活活塞塞杆杆和和管管子之间形成一个环形空间。子之间形成一个环形空间。AnnularspaceChina Maritime Police AcademyThe lower end of each piston rod is reduced in diameter to fit a bore in the crosshead,this being secured to the piston rod by a nut.The piston rods are provided with dowel pins to ensure the correct assembly of the components.活活塞塞杆杆的的下下端端直直径径减减小小，插插入入十十字字头头内内孔孔中中，并并用用螺螺帽帽将将十十字字头头与与活活塞塞杆杆紧紧固固。活活塞塞杆杆上装有定位销，以确保各部件的正确装配。上装有定位销，以确保各部件的正确装配。China Maritime Police AcademyPiston rodCrossheadChina Maritime Police AcademyOn each of the two journals of the crosshead,crosshead shoes(十十字字头头滑滑板板)are mounted which are guided in the built-in crosshead guides(十十字字头头导导板板)of the engine frame.在在十十字字头头两两端端轴轴颈颈处处，各各装装有有十十字字头头滑滑块块。十十字头滑块由发动机机架内的十字头导板导向。字头滑块由发动机机架内的十字头导板导向。China Maritime Police AcademyCrossheadCrossheadshoeEngineframeCrossheadguideChina Maritime Police AcademyThe position of the crosshead shoesonthecrossheadisdetermined by dowel pins.Theguide shoes are secured to thecrossheadbymeansoftap-bolts(锥锥体螺钉体螺钉).十十字字头头滑滑块块在在十十字字头头上上的的位位置置由由定定位位销销确定，并用锥头螺栓紧固在十字头上。确定，并用锥头螺栓紧固在十字头上。China Maritime Police AcademyThe crosshead shoes are white metal lined(白白合合金金衬衬里里),grooves being cut horizontally in the face of the white metal to ensure an adequate supply of lubricating oil.十十字字头头滑滑块块表表面面浇浇有有白白合合金金，为为确确保保提提供供足足够的滑油，白合金表面开有水平沟槽。够的滑油，白合金表面开有水平沟槽。China Maritime Police AcademyThe crosshead is short and rigid and the bearings are so constructed that the bearing pressure between the journal and bearing is distributed evenly over the entire length of the bearing.十十字字头头短短且且坚坚固固，轴轴承承的的结结构构设设计计使使轴轴承承与与轴颈问的承受压力沿整个轴承长度均匀分布轴颈问的承受压力沿整个轴承长度均匀分布China Maritime Police AcademyIn order to improve the working conditions of the bearings,the bearing pressure is made smaller and the peripheral speed(ismade)higher in later designs.为为改改善善轴轴承承工工作作条条件件，在在后后来来的的设设计计中中，减减少了轴承承受压力，提高了圆周速度。少了轴承承受压力，提高了圆周速度。China Maritime Police AcademyThe pistons are cooled by oil supplied from the forced lubrication system.活塞由强力润滑系统供给的油来冷却。活塞由强力润滑系统供给的油来冷却。China Maritime Police AcademyThe cooling oil is admitted through the pipe,from which the oil is led to the cooling spaces of the piston through telescopic pipes(伸伸缩缩管管)or articulated pipe(铰铰接接管管),and round the internal pipes of the piston rods.冷冷却却油油经经管管路路导导入入，经经伸伸缩缩管管或或铰铰接接管管及及活活塞塞杆内的环形空间流进活塞的冷却空间，杆内的环形空间流进活塞的冷却空间，China Maritime Police AcademyThe cooling oil is conducted from the piston through the internal pipes of the piston rods and the ducts in the crossheads,as well as the slotted pipes from which the oil is led to“control boxes”with sight glasses(观观察察镜镜)on the engine.再再由由活活塞塞经经活活塞塞杆杆内内管管、十十字字头头中中的的管管道道以以及及开开槽槽管管排排入入发发动动机机上上装装有有观观察察镜镜的的“控控制制箱箱”中。中。China Maritime Police AcademySealing between the crankcase and scavenging air boxes is achieved by means of the piston rod stuffing boxes,located in the bottom of the scavenging air boxes.Each stuffing is provided with two sealing rings and three scraper rings.曲轴箱与扫气箱之间的密封，通过位于扫气箱底部的活塞杆填料箱来完成。每个填料箱都装有两个密封环和三个刮油环。China Maritime Police AcademyThe sealing rings,which are mounted uppermost are in four parts and pressed together around the piston rods by means of coil springs(盘簧盘簧).密密封封环环装装在在最最上上面面，它它分分为为四四段段通通过过圈圈簧簧将将其箍紧在活塞杆周围。其箍紧在活塞杆周围。China Maritime Police AcademyConnecting Rod and Main Bearings连杆和主轴承连杆和主轴承The crosshead and crankpin