医学专业英语词汇——CombiningForm词根词缀.doc

Combining Form
Meaning
Example (Definition)
aden/o
gland
adenopathy (gland disease
carcin/o
cancer
carcinoma (cancerous tumor)
cardi/o
heart
cardiac (pertaining to the heart)
chem/o
chemical
chemotherapy (treatment with chemicals
cis/o
to cut
incision (process of cutting into)
dermat/o
skin
dermatology (study of the skin)
enter/o
small intestines
pertaining to the small intestines
gastr/o
stomach
gastric (pertaining to the stomach)
gynec/o
female
gynecology (study of females)
hemat/o
blood
pertaining to the blood
hydr/o
water
hydrocele (protrusion of water)
immune/o
immune
immunology (study of immunity)
laryng/o
voice box
laryngeal (pertaining to the voice box)
morph/o
shape
morphology (study of shape)
nephr/o
kidney
nephromegaly (enlarged kidney)
neur/o
nerve
neural (pertaining to a nerve)
ophthalm/o
eye
ophthalmic (pertaining to the eye)
ot/o
ear
otic (pertaining to the ear)
path/o
disease
pathology (study of disease)
pulmon/o
lung
pulmonary (pertaining to the lungs)
rhin/o
nose
rhinoplasty (surgical repair of the nose)
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
urology (study of the urinary tract)

Common Prefixes
Prefix
Meaning
Example (Definition)
a-
without, away from
aphasia (without speech)
an-
without
anoxia (without oxygen)
ante
before, in front of
antepartum (before birth)
anti-
against
antibiotic (against life)
auto-
self
autograft (a graft from one’s own body)
brady-
slow
bradycardia (slow heartbeat)
dys-
painful, difficult
dyspnea (painful breathing)
endo-
within, inner
endoscope (instrument to view within)
epi-
upon, over
epigastric (upon or over the stomach)
eu-
normal, good
eupnea (normal breathing)
hetero-
different
heterograft (a graft from another person’s body)
homo-
same
homozygous (having two identical genes)
hydro-
water
hydrotherapy (water therapy)
hyper-
over, above
hypertrophy (overdevelopment)
hypo-
under, below
hypoglossal (under the tongue)
infra-
under, beneath, below
infraorbital (below, under the eye socket)
inter-
among, between
intervertebral (between the vertebrae)
intra-
within, inside
intravenous (inside, within a vein)
macro-
large
macrocephalic (having a large head)
micro-
small
microcephalic (having a small head)
neo-
new
neonate (newborn)
pan-
all
pancarditis (inflammation of all the heart)
para-
beside, beyond, near
paranasal (near or alongside the nose)
per-
through
percutaneous (through the skin)
peri-
around
pericardial (around the heart)
post-
after
postpartum (after birth)
pre-
before, in front of
prefrontal (in front of the frontal bone)
pseudo-
false
pseudocyesis (false pregnancy)
retro-
backward, behind
retrograde (movement in a backwards direction)
sub-
below, under
subcutaneous (under, below the skin)
super-
above, excess
supernumerary (above the normal number)
supra-
above
suprapubic (above the pubic bone)
tachy-
rapid, fast
tachycardia (fast heartbeat)
trans-
through, across
transurethral (across the urethra)
ultra-
beyond, excess
ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves)

Number Prefixes
Prefix
Meaning
Example (Definition)
bi-
two
bilateral (two sides)
di-
two
diplegic (paralysis of two extremities)
hemi-
half
hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body)
mono-
one
monoplegia (paralysis of one extremity)
multi-
many
multigravida (woman pregnant more than once)
nulli-
none
nulligravida (woman with no pregnancies)
poly-
many
polyuria (large amounts of urine)
quad-
four
quadriplegia (paralysis of all four extremities)
semi-
partial, half
semiconscious (partially conscious)
tri-
three
triceps (muscle with three heads)
uni-
one
unilateral (one side)

Common Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Example (Definition)
-algia
pain
gastralgia (stomach pain)
-cele
hernia, protrusion
cystocele (protrusion of the bladder)
-cise
cut
excise (to cut out)
-dynia
pain
cardiodynia (heart pain)
-ectasis
dilatation
bronchiectasis (dilated bronchi)
-ectopia
displacement
corectopia (pupil of the eye not centered)
--gen
that which produces
mutagen (that which produces mutations)
-genesis
produces, generates
osteogenesis (produces bone)
-genic
producing
carcinogenic (producing cancer)
-ia
state, condition
hemiplegia (condition of being half paralyzed)
-iasis
abnormal condition
lithiasis (abnormal condition of stones)
-ism
state of
hypothyroidism (state of low thyroid)
-itis
imflammation
cellulitis (inflammation of cells)
-logist
one who studies
cardiologist (one who studies the heart)
-logy
study of
cardiology (study of the heart)
-lysis
destruction
osteolysis (bone destruction)
-malacia
abnormal softening
chondromalacia (abnormal cartilage softening)
-megaly
enlargement, large
cardiomegaly (enlarged heart)
-oma
tumor, mass
carcinoma (cancerous tumor)
-osis
abnormal condition
cyanosis (abnormal condition of being blue)
-pathy
disease
myopathy (muscle disease)
-plasia
development, growth
dysplasia (abnormal development)
-plasm
formation, development
neoplasm (new formation)
-ptosis
drooping
proctoptosis (drooping rectum)
-rrhage
excessive, abnormal flow
hemorrhage (excessive bleeding)
-rrhea
discharge, flow
rhinorrhea (discharge from the nose)
-rrhexis
rupture
hysterorrhexis (ruptured uterus)
-sclerosis
hardening
arteriosclerosis (hardening of an artery)
-stenosis
narrowing
angiostenosis (narrowing of a vessel)
-therapy
treatment
chemotherapy (treatment with chemicals)
-trophy
nourishment, development
hypertrophy (excessive development)
-uria
condition of the urine
hematuria (blood in the urine)

Surgical Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Example (Definition)
-centesis
puncture to withdraw fluid
arthrocentesis (puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint)
-ectomy
surgical removal
gastrectomy (surgically remove the stomach)
-ostomy
surgically create an opening
colostomy (surgically create an opening for the colon through the abdominal wall)
-otomy
cutting into
thoracotomy (cutting into the chest)
-pexy
surgical fixation
nephropexy (surgical fixation of a kidney)
-plasty
surgical repair
dermatoplasty (surgical repair of the skin)
-rrhaphy
suture
myorrhaphy (suture together muscle)

Procedural Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Example (Definition)
-gram
record or picture
electrocardiogram (record of heart’s electricity)
-graph
instrument for recording
electrocardiograph (instrument for recording the heart’s electrical activity)
-graphy
process of recording
electrocardiography (process of recording the heart’s electrical activity)
-meter
instrument for measuring
audiometer (instrument to measure hearing)
-metry
process of measuring
audiometry (process of measuring hearing)
-scope
instrument for viewing
gastroscope (instrument to view stomach)
-scopy
process of visually examining
gastroscopy (process of visually examining the stomach)

Combining Forms Commonly Used in Integumentary System
Combining form Meaning Example
adip/o fat adipose
albin/o white albinism
caus/o burn, burning causalgia
cutane/o skin subcutaneous
derm/o skin epidermis
dermat/o skin dermatitis
disphor/o profuse sweating diaphoresis
hidr/o sweat anhidrosis
ichthy/o scaly, dry ichthyosis
kerat/o hard, horny tissue keratosis
leuk/o white leukoplakia
lip/o fat lipoma
melan/o black melanocyte
myc/o fungus dermatomycosis
onych/o nail onycholysis
pil/o hair pilosebaceous
rhytid/o wrinkle rhytidoplasty
seb/o oil seborrhea
trich/o hair trichomycosis
xanth/o yellow xanthoma

Suffixes Commonly Used in This System
Suffix Meaning Example

-derma skin scleroderma
-opsy view of biopsy
-plakia a plate leukoplakia
-tome instrument used to cut dermatome

Combining Forms Commonly Used in Musculoskeletal System
Combining form Meaning Example
arthr/o joint arthrocentesis
articul/o joint articulation
burs/o sac bursitis
chondr/o cartilage chondroplasty
cost/o rib costectomy
crani/o skull craniotomy
myel/o bone marrow myelitis
orth/o straight orthopedics
oste/o bone osteoporosis
spondyl/o vertebra,backbone spondylarthritis
thorac/o chest thoracic
vertebr/o vertebra,backbone intervertebral
fasci/o fascia fasciorrhaphy
my/o muscle electromyogram
ten/o tendon tenodynia
tend/o tendon tendotomy
tendin/o tendon tendinitis
Suffixes Commonly Used in This System
Suffix Meaning Example
-kinesia movement dyskinesia
-porosis porous osteoporosis
-trophy development hypertrophy
-malacia abnormal softening osteomalacia

Combining form
Meaning
Example
angi/o
vessel
angioplasty
aort/o
aorta
aortic stenosis
arter/o, arteri/o
artery
arteriosclerosis
ather/o
yellowish plaque, fatty substance
atherosclerosis
atri/o
atrium, upper heart chamber
atrioventricular
cardi/o
heart
cardiomyopathy
cholesterol/o
cholesterol
hypercholesterolemia
corn/o
heart
coronary arteries
cyan/o
blue
cyanosis
ox/o
oxygen
hypoxia
pericardi/o
pericardium
pericardiocentesis
phleb/o
vein
phlebotomy
rrhythm/o
rhythm
arrhythmia
sphygm/o
pulse
sphygmomanometer
steth/o
chest
stethoscope
thromb/o
clot
thrombolysis
valvul/o, valv/o
valve
valvuloplasty
vas/o
vessel
vasoconstriction
vascul/o
vessel
vascular
ven/o
vein
venous
ventricul/o
ventricle, lower heart chamber
ventriculotomy
Prefixes Relating to the Cardiovascular System

Prefix
Meaning
Example
brady-
slow
bradycardia
tachy-
fast
tachycardia
Suffixes Relating to the Cardiovascular System

Suffix
Meaning
Example
-manometer
Instrument to measure pressure
sphygmomanometer
-ole
small
arteriole
-sclerosis
hardening
arteriosclerosis
-stenosis
narrowing
angiostenosis
-tension
pressure
hypotension
-ule
small
venule

Combining Forms Commonly Used in This System
Combining form Meaning Example
adenoid/o adenoids adenoidectomy
alveol/o alveolus; air sac alveolar
bronch/o bronchus bronchoscope
bronchi/o bronchus bronchiectasis
bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchiolitis
Bronchus
capn/o carbon dioxide acapnia
epiglott/o epiglottis epiglottitis
laryng/o larynx, voice box laryngospasm
lob/o lobe lobectomy
muc/o mucus mucus
nas/o nose nasopharynx
ox/o oxygen anoxia
pharyng/o pharynx pharyngeal tonsils
pleur/o pleura pleurocentesis
pneum/o air, lung pneumothorax
pneumon/o
pulmon/o lung pulmonology
rhin/o nose rhinorrhagia
sinus/o sinus, cavity pansinusitis
spir/o breathing spirometer
tonsill/o tonsils tonsillectomy
trache/o trachea, windpipe tracheotomy
thorac/o chest thoracalgia
Suffixes Commonly Used in This System
Suffixes Meaning Example
-capnia carbon dioxide hypercapnia
-ectasis stretching out, dilatation, bronchiectasis
expansion
-emia blood condition hypoxemia
-oxia oxygen anoxia
-pnea breathing dyspnea

Chapter 7 Digestive system
Combining forms relating to the digestive system
Combining forms Meaning Example
an/o anus anus
append/o, appendic/o appendix appendectomy
bucc/o cheek buccolabial
cec/o cecum ileocecal
cheil/o, labi/o lip cheilorrhaphy
chol/e bile, gall cholelithiasis
cholangi/o bile duct cholangiotomy
cholecyst/o gallbladder cholecystogram
choledoch/o common bile duct choledochectomy
col/o, colon/o colon colectomy
dent/o, odont/o tooth orthodontics
enter/o small intestine enteritis
gastr/o stomach gastrodynia
gingiv/o gums gingivectomy
gloss/o tongue hypoglossal
hepat/o liver hepatitis
lapar/o abdomen laparotomy
lingu/o tongue sublingual
lith/o stone lithotripsy
or/o mouth oropharynx
palat/o palate palatine
pancreat/o pancreas pancreatitis
pharyng/o pharynx pharyngodynia
proct/o anus and rectum proctoptosis
rect/o rectum rectalgia
sial/o salivary gland sialolith
stomat/o mouth stomatology

Suffixes relating to the digestive system
Suffix Meaning Example
-emisis vomit hematemesis
-lithiasis condition of stones cholelithiasis
-orexia appetite anorexia
-ostomy surgically creating an opening colostomy
-pepsia digestion dyspepsia
-phagia eat, swallow polyphagia
-prandial pertaing to a meal postprandial
-tripsy surgical crushing lithotripsy
Chapter 8 Urinary System
Combining form
albumin/o
azot/o
cyst/o
glomerul/o
glycos/o
lith/o
meat/o
nephr/o
noct/i
pyel/o
ren/o
ur/o
ureter/o
urethr/o
urin/o
vesic/o

Meaning
albumin
nitrogen
bladder
glomerulus
su