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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第四章,句子翻译,第1页,4.1 英汉翻译中主语选择,4.1.1 主语对译,4.1.2 改变原句主语,4.1.3 英语主谓结构译成汉语无主句,4.1.4 英语主谓结构与汉语“主题述题”结构对译,4.2 英语中一些特殊结构译成汉语时主语选择,4.2.1 被动句中主语处理,4.2.2无灵主语 有灵主语,4.3 动态与静态,4.4 替换与重复,4.5 长句处理,4.6 定语从句翻译,4.7 状语从句翻译,4.8 其它,第2页,4.1英汉翻译中主语选择,1、主语对译,1)He had enjoyed being outdoors and had reveled(狂欢)in pitting his strength against the force of nature.,他曾喜欢户外活动，醉心于用自己体力与大自然较量。,2)How can they break down the barriers of fear and hostility which have divided the two trade blocs?,他们怎样才能排除造成这两个贸易集团相互对立恐惧和敌视等障碍呢？,第3页,3）She untied her shawl and let it hang around her neck.,她解下围巾，把它搭在脖子上。,2、改变原句主语,1)I pictured the faces of my husband and children.,丈夫和孩子们面容出现在我眼前。,第4页,2)Jordan is particularly struck by Maria,a shy young girl with a cropped head.,尤其给乔丹留下深刻印象是玛丽亚，她是一个害羞小姑娘，头发剪得短短。,3）Her simple clothing suited her age and figure.,她衣着素净，和她年纪、体型都很配。,第5页,3、英语主谓结构译成汉语无主句,1)Standing armies did not then exist.,那时还没有常备军。,2)Often it does not rain there for a whole year or longer.,那里经常一年到头也不下雨。,3）When seeds are planted,care must be taken that they are well spread out.,播种时，必须注意把种子均匀散开。,第6页,4、英语主谓结构与汉语“主题述题”结构对译,1)I tried everything I could think of.,凡是能想方法我都试过了。,2)I recognize her brilliance,but question her responsibility.,她有才华我认可，但她有责任心我到感到怀疑。,3）If developed countries are capable of hosting the World Expo,so are we developing countries.,世界博览会发达国家能够举行，发展中国家一样也能举行。,第7页,4.2 英语中一些特殊结构译成汉语时主语选择,1、被动句中主语处理,The real meaning of Christmas had been restored to us.,我们再次体会到了圣诞真正内涵。,2),In court witnesses are asked to give evidence about events,and judges and juries assess its reality.,在法庭上，要求目击者为案件提供证据，由法官和陪审团判断其可靠性。,Before long the bike was fixed.,车很快就修好了。,第8页,2、无灵主语 有灵主语,As we crossed that high bridge,a kind of breathlessness gripped me.,在过那座高桥时，我简直担心得透不过气来。,2)Fortunately the dense fog had prevented the enemy from discovering that the lines were unoccupied.,幸而当初大雾沉沉，敌人没有发觉前线无人防守。,The thought of it often fills me with a nameless nervousness even today.,现在想起来，我还时常会产生一个莫名担心感。,第9页,4.3 动态与静态,1)Some music can lull you into,concentration loss,which can cause horrific accidents.,有些音乐会起催眠作用，使你渐渐,失去注意力,，从而造成可怕交通事故。,2)He,makes a full confession,to the murder and is sentenced to life imprisonment.,他对杀人罪行,供认不讳,，并被判处无期徒刑。,第10页,3),Another concern,is that donors may exercise undue influence over school systems.,还有些人担心,，捐赠者会对学校制度施加不正当影响。,4)In theory,every person will,have access to,an unlimited amount of information.,从理论上讲，每一个人都能够,接收,到无限多信息。,第11页,4.4 替换与重复,1)Cold and drought tolerant,the new variety is adaptable to north China.,这个新品种,耐寒,、,耐旱,，适合在中国北方生长。,2)I hate sleeping or sitting on the floor.,我不喜欢睡,地板,，也不喜欢在,地板,上坐。,3)He was trying to buy their friendship and their respect.,他在想方设法,收买,他们情谊，,赢得,他们尊敬。,第12页,4.5 英语长句子翻译,普通来说,造成长句原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成份多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时能够采取下面方法:,(1)找出全句主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子结构。,(2)找出句中全部谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句引导词。,(3)分析从句和短语功效,比如,是否为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等。,(4)分析词、短语和从句之间相互关系,比如,定语从句所修饰先行词是哪一个等。,(5)注意插入语等其它成份。,(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。,第13页,4.5 长句处理,1.In the last 25 of the many thousands of years which separate the discovery of electrum from the discovery of electrons,we have at last come to realize how much the properties of the former depend on the behavior of the latter.,1.,In the last 25,of,the many thousands of years which separate the discovery of electrum from the discovery of electrons,we have at last come to realize,how much the properties of the former depend on the behavior of the latter.,从金银合金发觉到电子发觉，其间经历了几千年,；,直到最近25年我们才终于认识到了,前者性能在多大程度上取决于后者作用。,第14页,2.A World Bank report released at the time of the conference,which ended on 10 November,insists that Vietnams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing.,2.,A World Bank report,released at the time of the conference,which ended on 10 November,insists,that Vietnams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing.,在11月10日结束巴黎会议上披露世界银行一份汇报强调越南经济全方面增加将更主要取决于其本国政策，而不是外来投资。,第15页,3.,She kicked her shoes and stepped into a pair of slippers which were too big for her tiny feet;without shoes she lost some of her elegance and height.,她踢脱鞋子，踏进一双拖鞋。可对她那纤纤细脚来说，拖鞋显得太大了。换了鞋之后，她便失去了几分韵味，个子也矮了一些。,第16页,4.Look through reviews of the famous 1939 film adaptation of Margaret Mitchells classic Civil War novel of romance and southern ways,Gone with the Wind,and its hard to believe the critics were writing about the same thing.,5.People were afraid to leave their houses，for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency，they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.,4.飘是玛格丽特米切尔描写美国内战时期爱情故事及南方生活经典之作，该书1939被改编成著名电影。看一看对这部电影种种评论，人们极难相信，这些评论家所写竟会是同一个事件。,5.该句共有三层含义：A：人们不敢出门；B尽管警察已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况；C：警察也和其它人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中，B表示让步，C表示原因，而A则表示结果，按照汉语习惯次序，该怎样安排：,尽管警察已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况，但人们不敢出门，因为警察也和其它人一样不知所措和无能为力。,第17页,4.6 定语从句翻译,普通地，定语从句翻译有合译法、分译法和混译法。在这里，我们主要详细介绍一下合译法和分译法。,合译法,合译法通惯用于句式较短情况，主要以限制性定语从句为主。在英译汉时，普通将其译成“”字结构，有时也将定语部分译成谓语、兼语句一部分或带有“这”字句简单句。,1译成定语“”字结构,这是最为常见一个英译汉方式，翻译成汉字时，将定语部分放在被修饰名词前面。,第18页,例1：He is not the one who will give up easily.,译文：他不是一个轻易服输人。,例2：Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.,译文：我们两国是情谊长存友好邻邦。,2译成谓语,当定语从句是存在句，尤其是在“there be结构”和它变体结构、以及在“it be+主语+定语从句”结构中，定语从句谓语在意义上也是整个主句谓语，所以在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构简单句。,例1：There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.,译文：在那群人中，有人天天都站在那里，站了一个月。,第19页,例2：There have been good results in the experiments that have given him grate encouragement.,译文：试验中良好结果给了他莫大勉励。,另外，有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成主语，而将定语从句译成谓语，融合为一个句子。,例1：We have a social and political system that differed in many respects from your own.,译文：我们社会和政治体制在很多方面都与贵国不一样。,例2：We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.,译文：我们驾驶飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍一些标志。,第20页,3译成兼语句一部分,当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，即先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中动词组成主谓或动宾关系时，就可采取此方法使两个分句融为一体。,例1：I need someone who can instruct me in my English study.,译文：我需要一个人来指导我学习英语。,例句2：When I passed by,I saw a man who was quarreling with his wife.,译文：当我经过时，我看到一个人和他妻子在吵架。,第21页,4译成连动式一部分,为了行文方便，有时候在英译汉时就需要把主句、从句中动词连起来一起翻译，从而使句子显得连贯，符合汉语表示习惯。,例1：He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket,which he began to drink slowly.,译文：他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来。,例2：We will send the boy to Britain,where he can receive better education.,译文：我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接收更加好教育。,第22页,5译成“这”字句,有时，关系代词并不但仅只是指代先行词，它还指代前面整个句子内容。这时，我们普通将其译成“这”或“这一点”。,例1：He admired Mrs.Brown,which surprises me most.,译文：他钦佩布朗太太，这使我大为诧异。,例2：She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.,译文：她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却极少这么。,第23页,分译法,分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译一个方法，主要用于较长非限制性定语从句里。采取这种方法可防止句子冗长和累赘。这种方法普通采取主句在前，从句在后翻译形式，将句子翻译成两个相对独立小分句。严格地说，上期介绍合译法中第5点（译成“这”字句）也属于这种翻译方法。,1译出关系代词或关系副词,依据逻辑需要，在翻译前，我们首先应该搞清关系词所指代内容，进而按照先行词词义来进行翻译。,第24页,例1:,He has learned French,which he thinks is the most beautiful language in the world.,译文：他学过法语，他认为法语是世界上最美语言。,例2:,This is a college of science and technology,the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.,译文：这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。,第25页,另外，在英语中经常会把需要强调内容放于句首，而汉语中却习惯把附加性说明定语部分翻译成后置型并列分句，以求在形式上突出主句内容。,例1:,She suddenly thought of her husband,who had left her and their children behind and had never been heard of.,译文：他丈夫早就抛弃了妻儿一直杳无音信，现在她突然想起了他。,例2:,The men suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles,which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.,译文：以前，它们一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在这些人突然意识到这些小玩意儿漂亮和意义了。,第26页,2不翻译关系代词或关系副词,有些定语从句表面上是非限制性定语从句，但在意义上却已经和主句融为了一体。在翻译时，应该将引导定语从句关系词省略，从而使句子意思显得更为连贯。,例1:,After dinner,the four key negotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into the night.,译文：晚饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。,例2:,His wife,Betty,is Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight,and whose book“Moon”,tells of her sisters life in China.,译文：他妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海华人，八岁离开中国，写过一本名叫月书，记叙了她妹妹在中国生活。,第27页,3译成相对独立小分句,有些定语从句在修饰关系上与先行词之间关系显得较为疏远，这时，我们通常会将定语从句译成独立句子。,例1:,One was a violent thunderstorm,the worst I had ever seen,which obscured my objective.,译文：有一次暴风骤雨，猛烈程度实在是我平生所鲜见。这场暴风雨遮住了我目标。,例2:,Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully,which showed that the computations were accurate.,译文：不过问题还是圆满地处理了，这说明计算是很准确。,第28页,4.7 状语从句,英语中状语从句形式多样，语义丰富。通常前面所述长句和定语从句翻译一样，状语从句翻译也要从不一样角度加以思索，作适当转换和调整。状语从句包含表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目标等各种从句，其位置灵活，放在主句前面、后面或中间都能够。翻译时要尤其注意状语从句省略现象以及与修饰对象隔得很远状语从句。,第29页,4.7.1 时间状语从句,时间状语从句翻译要注意汉语表示习惯。英语状语可前置可后置，但汉语时间状语普通要按事情发生先后次序来叙述。比如：,When you apply for a job,you must present your resume.,参考译文 当你应聘一份工作时，必须提交简历。,Michael used to look hurt and surprised when scolded.,参考译文 麦克尔过去受到责难时，看起来又难过又诧异,引导时间状语连词有很多，除了最常见when,as,while,before,since 等，还有as soon as,the moment,no soonerthan等等。这些连词意思有细微差异，翻译时要注意表示这些差异。,第30页,As soon as I have finished it,Ill give you a call.,参考译文 我一做完就给你电话。（一就）,Until you told me,I had heard nothing of what happened.,参考译文 一直到你告诉我，我才知道发生了什么事。（直到才）,第31页,4.7.2原因状语从句,原因状语从句普通能够直接译成表示原因汉语分句，或译成即使没相关联词但含有因果关系并列句。比如：,He threw off his coat because he felt hot.,参考译文他以为很热，把上衣脱掉了。,I have kept that portrait where I can see it every day,as it always reminds me of my university days in London.,参考译文 我把那幅画像摆在天天能看得见地方，因为他总是让我想起在伦敦上大学那些日子。,第32页,4.7.3条件状语从句,在翻译条件状语从句时，分句位置普通能够提前。比如：,You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you dont mind taking the night train.,参考译文 假如你不介意坐夜车话，你能够早一点到北京去参加那次会议,虚拟条件从句通常可译为“要是”、“假如”等表示假设分句。,If I were you,I would not go.,参考译文 我要是你我就不去。,有条件状语从句有省略情况，翻译时要按照汉语习惯翻译完整。,If punished,they will not cooperate.,参考译文 他们假如受到损害，将不予合作。,第33页,4.7.4让步状语从句,让步状语从句多用though,although,even if,even though,however,no matter how/what/who等引导。通常可译为“尽管、即使、即使”等表示让步分句。,Ive already told you that Im going to buy it,however much it costs。,参考译文 已经告诉过你了，不论花多少钱，我都打算买它。,Even if the calculation is right,scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.,参考译文 即便计算是正确，科学家们也无法必定他们已经把全部变量都包含进去并准确地模拟了它们。,第34页,4.7.5目标状语从句,目标状语从句普通由so that,in order that,in case等引导,普通能够译为“方便、为了”等表示目标后置汉语分句。,I was advised to arrange for insurance in case I needed medical treatment.,参考译文有些人劝我投保，以防治病之需。,I was looking for a temporary job so that I could save up some money to go traveling.,参考译文 我在找一份暂时工作，方便积攒些钱去旅游。,第35页,4.7.6其它状语从句,状语从句还有很各种，如地点状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句等，翻译时可依据情况调整翻译策略。比如：,They usually have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning.,参考译文通常到了月底，他们钱就比月初少了,In the course of a day,students do far more than just attend classes.,参考译文在一天学习生活中，学生所做远不止听课。,Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as directed.,参考译文周密调查已经表明：多达50%病人没有按照医嘱服药。,第36页,状语从句各种多样，其所对应翻译策略也是五花八门。翻译时要不拘泥于形式，依据情况处理，使其符合汉语语言习惯。,第37页,4.8 主从关系,英语在语句中表达主从关系主要是名词性从句，形容词性从句和副词性从句。详细翻译实践中，名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句是能够相互转换。,第38页,4.8.1 名词性从句,名词性从句就是在句子中起名词作用从句，能够分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。翻译这一类从句时，多可按原文句序译成对应汉语。比如：,Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.,参考译文 凡是值得做事，就值得把它做好。,Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brain of a biologist.,参考译文 一个生物终究是植物还是动物，有时候会使生物学家颇伤脑筋。,碰到以it作形式主语而将真正主语置后句型，翻译时可采取分译、合译或插译方法。,第39页,It can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals to level anywhere near the standards.,参考译文 能够看出，这4种煤总含硫量仅靠预洗是不能降低到靠近标准要求水平。,上句中，经过一个小小逗号将主句和分句隔开，直接表达主从关系。有时候也会将主句和从句译成一句，称之为合译。,It doesnt matter whether we start now or later.,参考译文 我们现在开始还是以后开始都没相关系。,第40页,翻译主语从句时也经常把主句插在从句中合译成一句，比如：,It happened that I had bought the book.,参考译文 我恰巧买了这本书。,名词性从句中宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在翻译时普通可采取顺译法，即按照原句次序翻译，但也可将从句提前。比如：,I dont remember whether I cried at that moment,but my sister did.,参考译文1 当初我终究哭没哭，我不记得了。但我妹妹确实哭了。,参考译文2 我不记得当初我终究哭没哭，但我妹妹确实哭了。,Your assumption,that things will improve,is unfounded.,参考译文1 你构想，认为事情都会改进，是没有依据。,参考译文2 你认为事情都会改进构想是没有依据。,在上个例子参考译文2中，从句被转化为一个定语。这种方法在表语从句中翻译也很常见，比如：,He is not who he was thought to be.,参考译文 他不是人们过去所想那种人。,第41页,4.8.2 形容词性从句,参见定语从句翻译一节。,4.8.3 副词性从句,参见状语从句翻译一节。,第42页,主从关系在英语语言文化中无处不在，分清主句和从句关系是正确翻译第一步。,第43页,4.9并列关系,英语中并列句由并列连词或短语and，for，so，but，eitheror等引导或由逗号隔开，各个分句在语法上含有并列关系，但在意思上除了一部分含有并列关系外，还有一部分含有条件或假设，或含有选择、因果等复合关系，所以翻译时应依据各个分句之间在意思上相互关系来决定其译法。,假如各分句在意思上表示并列关系，可按原文译成并列复句。这种句型普通用and连接或用分号隔开。比如：,第44页,The end of the short-lived age of fossil fuels is already in sight;soon we will have consumed all the worlds resources of oil and coal.,参考译文短暂矿物燃料时代结束日子已经在望;很快，我们就会耗尽世界上全部石油和煤炭资源。,要注意即使有些并列句是用and连接，但其分句在意思上是条件或假设关系，这时可把它译成条件或假设关系。比如:,Keep your face to the sunshine and you cannot see your shadow.,参考译文 你要是面对阳光，那就看不到自己影子。,假如并列句各个分句在意思上含有选择关系，就能够译成选择关系。,这种句子普通有连词or“不然”，“要不然”，otherwise“不然”，or else“不然”或连词短语eitheror“不是就是，“要么要么”等。比如：,第45页,Milk must be kept in a cool place,or else it will go sour.,参考译文牛奶要放在阴凉地方，不然就会变酸。,含有因果关系并列句，有两种情况:一个是后一分句用for引导，而for本身含有表示原因作用;一个是在后分句前使用therefore连接，表示结果。比如：,The fuel must have been finished，for the engine stopped.,参考译文 燃料准是用完了，因为发动机熄火了。,假如分句在意义上互不协调，并显示出转折关系，就要译成转折句式。表转折并列连词有but“不过”，yet“然而”，still“依然”，however“然而”等。而这些词本身就含有表转折意思。比如:,This machine is simple in design，yet it is efficient in operation.,参考译文 这机器结构简单，但操作有效。,第46页,英语中并列关系翻译一定要仔细推敲。有并列句子看似并列关系，实际上各分句之间逻辑关系并不简单。翻译好并列关系，首先还是要从逻辑上把握句子意群。,第47页,4.10倒装句,倒装是英语中惯用一个句式，其形式和修饰功效各种多样，有语法倒装和修辞倒装之分。语法倒装是指主谓语颠倒或句子其它成份颠倒；而修辞倒装是为了强调，为了使上下文紧密衔接而采取一个写作伎俩。所以翻译时要选择适当语言形式，表示出原文倒装目标。,Even more interesting is the probability that life on other planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution.,参考译文更为有趣是，其它行星上生命可能已经处于更先进进化阶段。,这种倒装句为“表语+系语+主谓”或“分词+助动词+主语”结构，通常仍按照倒装句来翻译。,Only in Paris can you buy clothes and shoes like that.,参考译文 只有在巴黎你才能买到那样衣服和鞋子。,第48页,一些副词开头倒装句重视强调效果，翻译时也要突出这一效果。如上例。,英语中有时会出现提前一个副词和一个助词来组成倒装，而汉语中没有这种现象，翻译时候要灵活处理。比如：,Up went the rocket into the air.,参考译文火箭直冲云霄。,Proudly,the captain hoisted the flag.Softly,a bugle sounded.,参考译文船长升起了旗子，满心自豪；喇叭声响了起来，清脆悦耳。,倒装形式和修辞功效丰富多样，翻译时候要重视功效对等，将原句所起强调、承上启下、使描写生动等功效重现于译文之中。,第49页,4.11否定句,否定句在英语中也是比比皆是。否定句有各种形式：部分否定、全部否定、双重否定、意义否定等。同时否定还有各种改变：如否定各种转移，形式否定但意义必定等。否定句翻译中经常有很多陷阱，一不小心就会在翻译上闹笑话。,第50页,4.11.1 部分否定,我们知道否定词not放置于表示全部概念之前词，如both,always,everything,everybody时，产生意义是部分否定。但有时not不位于这些词前面时，依然表示是部分否定意思，翻译时要尤其注意。比较下面例子：,Not all the employees are to be laid off.,参考译文不是全部员工都会被裁员。,He was not entirely happy.,参考译文他并不是很高兴。,Not every man is polite,and all are not born gentlemen.,参考译文人人都懂礼貌，而不见得全部人都是生为君子。,第51页,4.11.2 全部否定,英语中全部否定比较轻易判断。通常在英语中为否定句，在译为汉语是依然翻译为否定句。要注意一些表示否定意义词，如nowhere,nothing,neither,nor,none等。比如：,Pizza Hut was nowhere to be found in this small town.,参考译文这座小城哪都没有必胜客。,比较以下两个例子：,Every man can not be an artist.,参考译文 不是人人都能够当演员,No man can be an artist.,参考译文 没有些人能够当演员。,第52页,4.11.3 双重否定,英语双重否定形式应灵活对待，能够按照汉语习惯保持双重否定形式，也能够转译为必定形式。比如：,You cant make something out of nothing.,参考译文巧妇难为无米之炊。,We never thought of nothing wrong.参考译文 我们从未想过不会出什么差错。,I worked and worked,and I didnt know how much I had not done.,参考译文我夜以继日地工作，不知道干了多少活。,第53页,4.11.4 否定转移,英语中否定部分能够是全句任何成份，在处理时要仔细分析。比如：,I dont suppose you need my help any more.,参考译文我看你不再需要我帮助了。（龙占芬，）,这个例子中，否定表达在表示看法、感官谓语动词上，但语意却是否定后面宾语从句。反之，也有否定形式是在宾语，但语义上却是否定谓语，此时否定语气通常很强烈。比如：,You can find no reason for being lazy during studies.,参考译文你没有理由在学习中偷懒。,第54页,4.11.5形式否定,在英语形式否定中表示意思通常是必定。常见形式否定标志语有：no more than,no less than,noth
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