科技文体在语篇上的特征和体现(中英)说课讲解.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,科技文体在语篇上的特征和体现(中英),Information in the scientific texts can be structured in a particular way so as to suit an intended purpose.These exists little difference between Chinese and English in this regard.,The Institute of linguists in the test for Certificate of translation,suggests that the standard requires cohesion,，,coherence,，,and organization.,英国语言学会（,Institute of linguists,）在翻译证书考试中提出的翻译标准提到“连贯一致，组织合理”，即,cohesion,，,coherence,，,and organization,，“衔接、连贯和篇章架构”。,Introduction,The Difference and Similarity,in Textual Organization,When we translate EST into Chinese,it is quite important to find out the differences in textual structure between SL and TL.Meanwhile,there are many similarities in textual,organization,of both English and Chinese.Thus it is crucial to reproduce the authors thinking pattern and information by keeping the similar textual,organization,as the original versions.,What is,Textual Organization,篇章架构,?,What is,Textual Organization,篇章架构,?,As far as we know,the EST can be basically composed by 3 parts:,the purpose and conclusion of the whole passage,various methods to illustrate all these points,the logical relationship that can put all the information mentioned above together.,The frame or sequence should be consistent,they are the bone structure of the whole passage.,We can call them,Textual Organization.,Difference,in Textual Organization,A,）,English,texts normally set a central idea first,illustrate it and then sum it up to a conclusion.,While,Chinese,texts,without a central idea,often lead a natural logic course and let the conclusion emerge spontaneously.,B,）,The classic logic course of,English,texts is to reveal an idea,provide some facts and reasons and then come to a conclusion.,Whereas the logic structure of,Chinese,tests is a Natural logic structure.,Difference,in Textual Organization,The,decision,by the China Quality Control Association to compile and print this album was made out of,the following considerations,:,The need to give wide publicity to the exploits if the awardees;,The desirability to enhance the reputation of the prize-winning enterprises and the fame of their products and services;and,The necessity to acquaint the executives and employees of carious enterprises in different regions and sections with the specific situations of distinguished quality management in advanced enterprises.,All these were expected to boost the drive for creating a still greater number of advanced units through emulation and realization of common progress among them.,译文：,为了,更广泛地对获奖单位的事迹进行宣传，扩大企业及其产品、服务的知名度和影响，是全国各地区、各部门企业管理干部和广大职工了解我国质量管理先进企业的情况，互相学习，共同提高，把国家质量管理工作推向一个新的阶段，中国质量管理协会,决定编印这本画册,。（,英语科技文体：范式与翻译,方梦之）,C,）,As opposed to,Chinese,which list a chain of reasons or facts first,the logic centre of,English,is right up front in the text.,Difference,in Textual Organization,Our bodies are quite capable of dealing with harmful bacteria,as long as,there are not too many of them.,译文：,只要,有害细菌数量并不太大，我们的身体完全能够抵挡得住。（,英语科技文体：范式与翻译,方梦之）,Similarity,in Textual Organization,Natural Sequence,自然顺序,The Food and Drug Administration approved human clinical trials for such a procedure,just last month,.,Over the last decade,neuroscientists have used the protein to make neurons react to light to help them study the brain,a technique known as optogenetics.,Now,the Ann Arbor,Michigan,based company,RetroSense Therapeutics,has recruited 15 patients rendered blind by a genetic eye disease for its clinical trial to find out whether channelrhodopsin-2 will work in eye cells,too.If it does,the quality of vision the patients will have remains unknown,but mice that have had a similar treatment appear to see bars of light,which scientists say is promising.,(source:,Green algae could hold a cure for blindness,by SARAH ZHANG SCIENCE,09.10.15 7:00 AM),美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA),今年8月,批准将该疗法应用于临床治疗。,过去十年来,，神经科学家曾利用蛋白质使神经元对光产生感应，从而帮助了解大脑，这种技术叫作光基因技术。,现在,，密歇根州一家公司,Ann Arbor,打算重塑视觉疗法，该公司招募了15名由于遗传性眼疾导致失明的患者进行临床试验，旨在了解紫红质通道蛋白-2是否同样适用于眼细胞。如果确实见效尽管当前患者的视觉恢复效果尚不知晓，但是大鼠在接受同样治疗后已经可以辨别光源，科学家认为这一疗法前途光明。,（source：Science:,绿藻或可治疗失明,）,S,pecific,D,ate:e.g.in August and September 1977 在1977年8月和9月,1.T,emporal sequenc,e,时间顺序,1.1,The,S,equence of time,年代时间顺序,1.2,The sequence of process过程时间顺序,1.2.,1.description 描写型,In their analysis,the scientists compiled maps on wher,e,132 mammals,117 birds,and 249 amphibians live in the country,fine-tuning them using elevation data,and,remote sensing mapping that revealed wher,e,forests haven,t been logged.,Next,the researchers isolated areas wher,e,the number of species in each group was highest,the hot spots,and,compared how well those areas overlapped with wher,e,pandas occur.,In an additional step,they also overlaid maps of China,s system of giant panda national natural reserves to see how well the areas cover these other species,which include the golden snub-nosed monkey,the Tibetan macaque,and the,taking,(an animal sometimes referred to as a goat-antelope),among others.,(,source：,Save a panda,save the forest?,by Emily DeMarco 16 September 2015 12:15pm）,在他们的分析报告中，科学家们收集了中国132种哺乳动物、117种鸟类、249种两栖动物的居住环境地图，,然后,利用海拔数据和遥感制图对地图进行了微调，标出了那些森林还没有被砍伐的区域。,接下来,，研究人员挑出了以上三种物种各自存在数目最多的热点地区，,并,比较了这些区域同大熊猫出现的地区的重叠程度。,更进一步,，他们还将中国大熊猫国家级自然保护区的地图与之重叠比较，以了解这些地区对以上其它物种的覆盖程度，其中包括川金丝猴、藏猕猴，以及羚牛(这种动物有时也被称为藏羚羊),等等。,(source:,Science:拯救熊猫就是拯救森林?,),W,ords to describe each step:e.g.first,then,finally 首先、然后、最后,锁定,iPhone,会使显示屏进入睡眠状态、节省电池电量并防止误操作。您仍可以接听电话和,FaceTime,呼叫、接收文本信息、闹钟和通知。您也可以,:,听音乐,调整音量,用耳机上的控制按钮接电话或听音乐,（摘录来自,:Apple Inc.“,iPhone,使用手册,(,适用于,iOS8.4)”,。,iBooks.https:/itun.es/cn/Lj4F3.l,）,When iPhone is locked,nothing happens if you touch the screen.iPhone can still receive calls,text messages,and other updates.You can also:,Listen to music,Adjust the volume,Use the center button on your headset to take calls or listen to music,（source:iPhone user guide Chapter 1）,1.2.,mand 指令型,W,ords stand for space:,G,eneral,e.g.inside,outside,above,below,left,to the right,A,ccurate,e.g.3mm below,5 meters long,2.,Spatial Sequence 空间顺序,The Logical Sequence,逻辑顺序,The data show that males arrived at the nesting site approximately 6 days before their female counterparts and stayed about 6 days longer.However,the short mating season means the pairs are only united for about 20 to 30 days a year.And when they were separated,it was usually by a large distance:During the winter months,partners were separated by an average distance of about 600 km,and one pair was observed as far as 2500 km apart,the team reports online today in Biology Letters.Despite the large spatial segregation,their habitats were quite similar,ruling out the possibility that partners are spending the winter months apart because of sex-based differences in habitat or food preference.,So why don,t the birds just stick together?,(,DOI,：,10.1126/science.aad1726,作者：David Shultz),研究团队今日在生物学快报的网站上报告说，当它们分居时，通常相距甚远：在冬季，企鹅伴侣们分别居住在平均相隔,600,公里的两地，观察到的分隔最远的一对达到了,2500,公里。尽管遥居两地，但它们的栖息环境却十分相似，,从而,排除了不同性别对栖息地或食物的偏好不同而需要在冬季分居的可能。那么这些鸟儿们为什么不粘在一起呢,?,这到目前为止仍然是一个谜。,(,Science,：,“一夫一妻制”企鹅聚少离多,),1.,C,ause and,E,ffect 因果排序,W,ords or phrases:e.g.because,as,since,due to,in the consequence of,Implied logic,Human vocal development occurs through two parallel interactive processes that transform infant cries into more mature vocalizations,such as cooing sounds and babbling.,First,natural categories of sounds change as the vocal apparatus matures.,Second,parental vocal feedback sensitizes infants to certain features of those sounds,and the sounds are modified accordingly.,（source：,The developmental dynamics of marmoset monkey vocal production,by D.Y.Takahashi DOI：,10.1126/science.aab1058,),人类发生过程产生于两种平行的互动过程。在此过程中，婴儿的哭声转为更为成熟的发声，比如咿咿呀呀和,说话,含糊不清。,首先,，声音的自然分类会随发声器官的成熟,而,改变。,其次,，父母的声音反馈能使婴儿意识到自身发声的某些,特,点，由此对发声作出相应改变。（source：,Science,：,狨猴学习发声,）,2.,Primary and Secondary,主次排序,A,rrange textual structure by the level of importance:,e.g.first,second,most,second most,less,least,3.,C,omparison and,C,ontrast 比较与对比,compare:,e.g.in comparison,similarly,like,likewise,in the same way,resemble,as does X so does Y,contrast:,e.g.in contrast,on the other hand,however,nevertheless,although,differ,4.,A,nalogy类推,5.,I,llustration 例证,e.g.for example,for instance,as can be seen,6.,D,iagram 图解,DOI:10.1038/ncomms9264 Nature Communication,Coherence and Cohesion,Text is a complete,natural semantic unit,With the devices of coherence and cohesion,each part of a text in terms of forms and contents could be united meaningfully.However,differences still exist between the two devices.,Coherence,focuses on logical reasoning to achieve its semantic connection,and is considered as an,invisible web of a text,while,cohesion,on the contrary,as a,visible web of a text,expresses a kind of structural connection by using words and grammars.,Invisible Web of Text,The process of translation is actually to recognize and reconstruct the textual coherence,，,and to a large extent,，,the reestablishment of textual coherence and the success of communicative function of translation directly involve the corresponding translation strategy,There are 8 commonly-used logical coherence methods and related examples below:,Coherence(,连贯,),承接,关联,Continuation Association,并列,关联,Coordinate Association,目的和结果,关联,Purpose and Result Association,递进,关联,Forward Association,条件和假设,关联,Condition and Assumption Association,让步,关联,Concession Association,因果,关联,Cause and Effect Association,选,择和转折,关联,Selection and Transition Association,CO is a colorless,odorless,tasteless gas that fortunately is not known to have adverse effects on vegetation,visibility,or material objects.Its dominant environmental impact appears to be toxicity to man and animals,which arises from its well-known competition with hemoglobin in red blood ells,as in equation 3.1.,(Reference:,科技语篇翻译中的连贯策略，余高峰，上海理工大学学报,Association,译文,1,一氧化碳是一种无色、无臭、无昧的气体，幸好尚未发现它对植物，对能见度，或者对物质材料有什么坏的影响，它最突出的环境问题是对人体和动物体有毒，其毒性在于它与红血球里的血红蛋白争夺氧，见反应式,3,1,。,译文,2,一氧化碳是一种无色、无臭、无味的气体，对植物、能见度和各种物品都没有害处，,可是，,由于它跟红血球里的血红蛋白争夺氧,(,见反应式,3,1),对人体和动物体有毒，就会造成严重的环境问题。,Coordinated sentence includes coordinated relation,selected relation,transition relation and cause and result relation.,并列句包括联合关系，选择关系，转折关系和因果关系,Guinca-pigs and mice are very susceptible to anthrax while dogs are much less so,and,it has been shown that for some reason the phagocytes fo the former animals do not attack the anthrax bacillus,while those of the latter do so(Zhou Dubao,1999),(Reference:,广西大学 陈金红,20050601),2.,承接关联,Continuation Association,Continuation relation refers the continuation,、,consistence and development,in sentences.,表示关联语句的连续、前后的一致和发展,译文：豚鼠和小树非常容易患炭疽，而狗却比较困难。,已经证实,，由于某种原因，豚鼠和小鼠的吞噬细胞不能扑捉炭疽杆菌，而狗的吞噬小却具有这种能力。,This information is,assembled on maps and cross sections,and,fitted together,in the mind of the petroleum geologist,where,it is,interpreted and translated into,the best place to drill a well that will,penetrate a trap,below the surface of the ground,and thereby,enable the well to test the traps content.,石油地质学家将这些资料绘制在地质图或剖面图上，,经过综合分析，确定最佳井位，这样就可以钻穿地下圈闭，从而测试出圈闭中油气的储量。,（,Reference:,商务翻译实务,袁洪，王济华,对外经济贸易大学出版社）,3.,递进关联,Forward Association,Forward Relation,as the improvement of Continuation Relation,emphases more on the gradual advance and progress in the sentences.,表示承接关联的发展，更加强调语句的渐进和累进关系。,His prediction,however,may often be based on the most fragmentary data,some of which,are obtained by specialists or experts who may or may not have a working knowledge of geology,or,by geologists who have worked with no thought of petroleum possibilities of the region.,（,Reference:,科技翻译，傅涌林、唐跃勤，外语教学和研究出版社）,4.,选择和转折关联,Selection and Transition Association,Selection and Transition Relation refers the selection or the comparison and transition in sentences.,表示语句的挑选和取舍或者语句之间的对比、转折关系。,然而，他的预测可能常常是以一些非常零散的资料为基础的。这些资料中,有些是,由非地质学的专家获得的，他们或许有或许,没有,足够的地质学知识；,或是,由地质学家获得的，但他们没有考虑该的确是否有存在石油的可能性。,1.If this experiment fails,then,the whole scheme must be scrapped,如果这次实验失败，整个计划,就,得作废。,(Reference:韩琴,),Heat the test tube further,，,and,a yellow gas will be seen to escape into the air,将试管进一步加热，,就,可以看到有一种黄色的气体逸到空气中。,(Reference:,for,the imitation of the some natural materials,plastics might not have been created.,要不是,模仿某些天然材料的话，塑料就不可能创造出来。,（,Reference:,黄荣恩）,5.,条件 和假设 关联,Condition and Assumption Association,Commonly-used Chinese associated words include:,既然,.,就,一旦,.,就,假设,.,就,除非,.,才,如果,.,就,Subjunctive and inverted structure,虚拟倒装结构：,Were(had,should)+Subject+,With+The Nominative Absolute With,独立主格结构,The Imperative Sentence implies assumption,祈使句隐含假设,Fast and accurately,as,the electronic computers work,they can not do all that man does.,（,Reference:,黄荣恩）,6.,让步关联,Concession Association,Concession relation refers the concession(,退让,)and reversion,（反转）,.Commonly-used Chinese associated words are,“虽然,但是”“即使,也”,尽管,电子计算机运算的又快又准确，,但,它们做不了人所做的一切工作,Adverbial-While,状语,-While,Attributive clause,定语从句,The boiling points of hydrocarbons are different,They can be removed from petrolium by controlling their temperature,(Reference:,科技英语隐含的因果关系及汉译 尹汝昭,introduction of the electronic computer,there is no complicated problem but can be solved in a few hours.,有了,电子计算机,就,没有几小时算不完的复杂算题,（,Reference:,黄荣恩）,7.,因果 关联,Cause and Effect Association,We should understand the implicated logical cause and effect relation to keep text coherence even without“since,because,so that”,Suppose that stresses develop within the lithosphere that tend to move one block of the crust northward and the neighboring block toward the south,；,or to depress one block and elevate the adjacent one,A fracture may then form between the two blocks,，,along which,movement will take place SO as to relieve the stress,（,Reference:,和结果,关联,Purpose and Result Association,Purpose and Result Association refers the purpose and result of those developing or continuing sentences.,表示语句推进或者延续的目的、结果,假定,应力在岩石圈内聚积致使一个地块向北移动而相邻的地块向南移动，或者一个地块下降而相邻的地块抬升，,那么,，在两个地块之间便会出现一条断裂，沿此断裂产生位移从而使应力得到释放。,Cohesion(,衔接,),Definition:,Cohesion refers to a kind of semantic connection and a relationship between the internal structures of a sentence.Like a visible textual web,cohesion can be realized by surface structures like words and grammar.It is related to the broader concept ofcoherence(,连贯,).,Types,：,M.A.K.Halliday andRuqaiy Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that create.It is related to the broader concept ofcoherence(,连贯,).coherence in texts:reference(,指示,),ellipsis,（省略）,substitution,（替代）,lexical cohesion,（词汇衔接）,and conjunction,（连接）,.,Visible Web of Text,For example:,1.Because of the improved shunting of coded track circuit,and,the efficiency of the code-responsive track relay,it is possible to increase the length of a coded track circuit well beyond the length,that,would operate satisfactory with a steady-energy track circuit,assuming similar conditions for,each,.,由于电码化轨道电路提高了分路灵敏度，,同时（,conjunction,）,电码化轨道继电器性能优良，所以增加电码化轨道电路的传输长度是有可能的。,这个长度,(refer