英语作文应试指南.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语作文应试指南,1.,教学大纲对写作的基本要求,2.,评分原则（以四级作文为例）,3.,评分标准（以四级作文为例）,4.,四、六级写作的困境和对策,5.,四、六级作文的命题趋势,6.,实用模板,1),现象解释型,2),问题解决型,3),对比选择型,4),观点论证型,5),记叙文,6),应用文,7,),进阶句型,1.,教学大纲对写作的基本要求,教育部于,2004,年颁布的,大学英语课程教学要求（试行）,中把大学阶段的英语教学分为三个层次：,一般要求,：能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出,120,词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。,较高要求,：能就一般性的主题基本表达个人观点，能写所学专业论文的英语摘要，能撰写所学专业的英语小论文。能描述各种图表，能在半小时内写出,160,词的短文，内容完整，条理清晰，文理通顺。,更高要求,：能就一般性的主题比较自如地表达个人的观点，做到文章结构清晰、内容丰富、逻辑性强。能用英语撰写所学专业的简短的报告和论文。能在半小时内写出,200,词的说明文或议论文，内容完整，条理清晰，文理通顺、思想表达清晰。,2.,评分原则（以四级作文为例）,1,）大学英语四级考试是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。,2,）大学英语四级考试作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就,总的印象,给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。,3,）大学英语四级考试作文评判要求从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。,4,）避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括,15,分；该给低分的给低分，包括,0,分。,阅卷人员评分时综合考虑以下四个问题：,A,作文是否体现主题思想。,B,组织结构是否合理。,C,语法文字是否有重大错误。,D,卷面布局是否整洁。（字体端正清晰、易于辨认；规范大小字；词间空格，段前缩进；正确使用标点符号；避免拼写错误，减少涂改。）,3.,评分标准（以四级作文为例）,14,分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本无语言错误。,11,分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。,8,分：基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文字连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有少量严重错误。,5,分：基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，文字连贯性差，有较严重的语言错误。,2,分：条理不清，思想紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。,0,分：白卷，与题不相关，或只写几个单词。,注：,1.,如题中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数；,81-89,词之间扣,1,分；,71-80,词之间扣,2,分；,61-70,词之间扣,3,分；,50-60,词之间扣,4,分；,50,词以下，至多给,5,分。,2.,对于规定三段的作文，只写一段者：,0-4,分；只写两段者：,0-9,分。,4.,四、六级写作的困境和对策,历年四、六级考试成绩显示，作文中得,5-6,分的考生相当多，,12,分以上的相当少，近半数以上的考生作文在,8,分以下。据考试委员会的有关人士介绍，阅卷老师在批改作文时主要是凭全文的总体感觉给分，即发现文章在语言、内容和格式上的,闪亮点,而不是找纯粹的语言错误。比如有语言错误但不影响意思表达时可以少扣分或不扣分，但前提是“必须用,英语思维模式,，而不是利用汉语思维来回译内容”。学生应不只注意语言和单词，需更多注意语句意思的充分表达。,困境,1,：没有框架意识,无视标题和提纲，随心所欲地写出只有一段或多于三段的作文。对于这种不按标题和写作提示来写作的做法，阅卷老师极为反感。,对策：首先，加强语境敏感性。,1,）写作领域；即判断所写内容是属于科技文献、文学、评论，还是属于应用文等。,2,）写作对象；即作文的读者是什么人，是写给某个人，某一群体，还是没有明确对象，针对所有人。,3,）交际方式；即根据写作对象来选取适当的语言。,其次，必须严格按照标题和提纲来写作文。,至于段落提纲，可以视作各段的要点提示，有时也可直接将其当做每段的段落主题句。,千万,不能将三点提纲当做互不相关的三个简答题，而是要从全文的角度将它们有效地,衔接,，构成全文的有机整体。,困境,2,：没有内容意识,1,）内容空洞，不着边际，或对某些不熟悉的话题无话可说。,2,）用汉语思维来构建内容。,对策,：,1,）扩充知识面，培养分析问题、解决问题的能力，提高解决日常生活中,实际问题,的能力。写作时将内容集中在论述,what,how,或,why,上。,2,）内容安排上“避难就易,”;,表达上用,大白话,转述“高深思想”。,困境：没有亮点意识对策：）选词上的亮点,在,动词,上下功夫；用动作动词替代抽象动词，使之形象,）句法上的亮点,多变,的句型，一定的修辞手段，警句，格言，成语等。,）段落上的亮点,如开头段可用“描述法”、“提问法”、“调查法”等区别于常用的“就事论事法”；结尾段可用“警示法”、“建议法”或“展望法”来取代“简单重复法”和“一般总结法”。,）全篇上的亮点,行文自然流畅，段落衔接合理，整体风格一致，观点新颖，论述有深度。,5.,四、六级作文的命题趋势,近年四、六级考试中已出现的作文命题分析对比显示：,1.,写作方法以议论和说明为主；但在一篇作文中可能会同时考察记叙、描述、说明、议论等,多方面,的语言能力。,2.,应用型,的写作有明显增加。（,07-6-cet4-,社团招新的告示、,06-6-cet4&6-,志愿活动招募告示、,05-1-cet6-,捐助倡议书、,04-6-cet4-,导游词、,04-6-cet6-,投诉信、,04-1-cet4,致朋友有关备考和报考的信、,03-6-cet4-,车祸目击证人见证书、,02-1cet4&6-,致校长的反应食堂问题的信、,01-6-cet4&6-,致来访校友有关度假安排的信。,注,：,08,年四、六级均未考应用文；六级间或有图表作文。）,3.,题材贴近生活，关注民生，具有时代气息。,4.,写作对象相对限定，写作目的相对明确，写作,风格,相对突出。,一、现象解释型,Nowadays/In recent years/In modern society,总述现象,（,which has been brought focus/has aroused great concern.,现象表现,.Moreover/In addition,进一步描述表现,.The reasons for this phenomenon are varied.There are many different factors deciding/influencing,该现象或相关情况,.,Among all these reasons/factors,原因一,plays a critical role.,进一步说明原因,Furthermore/,Whats more,原因二,.Besides,原因三,.,In my opinion/As for me,我的态度,.,For one thing/On the one hand,理由一,.For another/On the other hand.To conclude/Therefore,总结或建议。,或者是：,No doubt/From my point of view,对该现象做出总体评价,.,However,可能存在的问题,.,进一步描述问题,.,All in all/Therefore,总结全文,。,二、问题解决型,Nowadays/In recent years,问题,is/are becoming/have/has become a serious problem/,问题,is/are getting more and more concern/drawing wide attention.,问题表现一,.,Even worse/Besides,问题表现二,.,There are many factors resulting in/influencing,该问题,.,/Many reasons contribute to,该问题,./,该问题,is due to the following reasons/factors.Among these,原因一,plays a vital role.,进一步阐释原因一,.,Whats more/In addition,原因二,.,Considering the seriousness of,该问题,./,the great harm brought by,该问题,/,the importance of,该问题,I think it is high time,采取措施,/,we paid more attention to,该问题,.,Firstly,/Above all,方法一,.,Secondly/Moreover,方法二,.,Thirdly/Besides/In addition,方法三,.,To conclude/In a word,it is everyone responsibility to,解决该问题,./,it depends on common efforts from,对,解决问题起作用的人,to,最终解决该问题,./it is an urgent thing,解决该问,题,.,Only in this way/through these ways,该问题才能解决,.,三、对比选择型,When it comes to,谈论主题,，,there is no complete agreement among people./When asked,谈论主题,，,different people will give different answers/offer different views/have different choices/preferences./Nowadays/In recent years,，,观点的背景,.Some people take it for granted/believe/like/choose,一种观点或倾向,.However,others maintain/argue/prefer/would rather,另一种观点或倾向,.,Those people who hold the first opinion/make the former choice/have the first preference believe,观点一的理由一,.In their eyes/they insist/they maintain/they point out,观点一的理由二,.However,still others,think,differently/have different choices/preferences.In their opinions,观点二的理由一,.Besides,they argue,观点二的理由二,.,或者是,Both of the two choices have their own advantages/features/characteristics/,consideration/reasons./Whichever choice one makes,he has his own consideration/reasons.,观点一的好处、理由一,.Furthermore/Moreover/Whats more,观点一的好处二、理由二,.As to the second/other choice/preference,或其它观点,./However/In contrast,观点二的理由一,.Besides,观点二的理由二,.,Weighing up these two arguments/choices/preferences,，,I prefer to/I am inclined to/would rather choose the former/the latter one./As to me,I tend to/prefer to/am inclined to,我的观点,.For one thing,理由一,.For another/Furthermore/Moreover/Whats more,理由二或进一步说明理由一,.Considering these/Taking above-mentioned factors into consideration,we/I may reasonably conclude/I suggest/I think,重申观点,./In a word,提出建议,.,四、观点论证型,It is well known/generally accepted that,论点,.,正确性表现一,.Besides/In addition,正确性表现二,.,或者是,论点,has been generally accepted.(It tells us),论点含义,.The truth of it is deep and profound./The truth of it is self-evident,.,There are numerous examples supporting this argument./Many remarkable examples contribute to this argument.A case in point is,例证一,.This is close to suggest,例证一的理由,.For another example,例证二,.,进一步说明例证二,.Moreover,例证三或其它证据,.,Judging from the evidence offered,we might safely draw the conclusion that,重申观点,.But,需要注意的问题或违背该观点可能带来的影响,.To conclude/Therefore,指出正确的做法或态度,.,五、记叙文,背景事件,will come soon,，,which,事件的重要性,.There is no more appropriate time than this for,相关人员,to,采取的态度或行动,.So on this occasion/taking this good chance,表明我的愿望或打算,。,Now I still remember clearly,主题事件,.It was/happened,事件开始的时间,，,when,当时的情形,.,事件的发展一,事件的发展二,.,As a result/However/Surprisingly/Indeed,事件的突出表现或结果,which left me a deep impression/which gave me a significant lesson in my life/which make me feel deep love/great concern,或其他感受,(from,事件的主要人物,).,Every time I remind this and,其它相关事物,我的感受或得到的启示,.Above all,感受一或行动一,.Besides/Furthermore,感受二或行动二,.,I believe,提出期望,总结全文,.,进阶句型,描述图表,1.As can be indicated/is revealed/is showed in the table/graph/chart,/According to the figures given in the table,/As the survey results show,/This chart shows that/It can be seen from the statistics that,正如图表中显示,/,根据图表中给出的数据,/,正如调查结果显示,/,如图所示,/,从数据中我们可以看出，,。,2.Fromto,there is a slight/slow/steady/rapid/dramatic/abrupt rise/increase in,从,年到,年，在,方面有了轻微,/,缓慢,/,稳定,/,快速,/,巨大,/,急剧的增加。,3.During/,later,the demand/income/population/price/production ofhad declined/decreased/fell/dropped rapidly/abruptly/markedly/sharply(fromto),在,期间,/,时间以后，,的需求,/,收入,/,人口,/,价格,/,产量已经（从,）急剧下降（到,）。,4.During the period betweenand,the percentage/number of declined fromto,while the percentage/number of rose from to,在,期间，,的百分比,/,数量从,下降到,，而,的百分比,/,数量却从,上升到,。,说明原因,1.A number of factors could explain/result in/account for/contribute to the success/change/choice/decision.,一系列的因素可以解释,/,导致,/,说明,/,导致成功,/,变化,/,选择,/,决定。,2.Among the most convincing/compelling/important reasons/causes given/cited/identified by people for,one should be stressed/considered/mentioned.,在人们提到关于某事时给出的,/,提到的,/,发现的最有说服力的,/,最令人信服的,/,最重要的原因中，有一点需要强调,/,考虑,/,提及。,说明原因,3.There are many/different/several/a number of causes/factors for the dramatic/marked/significant increase/changes/decrease in,在,方面造成这样急剧,/,显著,/,重大的增加,/,变化,/,减少有许多,/,不同的,/,几个,/,很多原因,/,因素。,4.The change/increase/decrease inmainly/largely/partly results/arises from/is attributable/due to/is because of the fact that/several factors.,在某方面的变化,/,增加,/,减少主要,/,部分是由于某原因,/,几个原因。,说明影响,1.It will have/exert/produce a considerable/profound/beneficial/favorable/undesirable/negative influence/effect on,这会产生大量的,/,深远的,/,有益的,/,好的,/,不好的,/,消极的影响。,举例,1.A good case in point/a classic example is,举一个恰当的例子,/,举一个经典的例子。,2.As an illustration,we may take,3.Such examples might be given easily.,4.,is often cited as an example.,比较优缺点,1.The advantages of B outweigh the benefits we gain from A/carry more weight than those of A/are much greater than those of A.,B,的好处比,A,的好处要多得多。,2.When the advantages and disadvantages of are carefully compared,the most striking finding/the conclusion is self-evident/obvious.,仔细比较了某物的优缺点后，有一点发现,/,结论是很显著的。,比较优缺点,3.Despite these advantages,/Like anything else,/Good as A is,it also has/brings its own disadvantages/problems/harmful effects.,尽管有优点,/,像其他事一样,/,尽管,A,很好，它也有自身缺点,/,问题,/,危害。,4.Whether it has more advantages or vice versa,one thing is certain:,无论它是有更多优点还是相反，一点是肯定的：,表明自己的观点,1.There is no denying/doubt/question that,毫无疑问的是,2.As opposed/Contrary to widely/commonly/generally accepted ideas/belief/views,I argue,与普遍接受的观点相反，我认为,3.Although the popular/nationwide/commonly-accepted belief/idea/assumption is that,a new/recent study/survey/poll indicates/reveals/uncovers that,虽然普遍接受的观点,/,假设是,一项新的,/,最近的研究,/,调查,/,民意测验表明,信,称呼,是对收信人的尊称语，自成一行，与信内地址上下排齐。在美国用“,My Dear”,比用“,Dear”,还要客气，而英国的用法恰巧相反。对于一个陌生的人通信一般用“,Dear Sir”,或“,Dear Madam”,。另外需要注意的是称呼后面用,逗号,。,结尾语,就是结尾的客套语。一般写于正文下空一两行后，从信纸中央处起笔写，第一个字母大写，末尾用逗号。结尾语措辞的变化依据情况而定，通常有以下几种：,(1),写给单位、团体或不相识的人的信用：,Yours(very)truly,；,Yours(very)faithfully,(2),写给尊长上级的信可用：,Yours(very)respectfully,，,Yours(very)obediently,，,Yours gratefully,，,Yours appreciatively,，,(3),写给熟人或朋友的信可用：,Yours,，,Yours ever,，,Yours fraternally,，,Yours cordially,，,Yours devotedly,(4),给亲戚或密友的信可用：,Yours,，,Yours ever,，,Yours affectionately,，,Yours devoted friend,，,Lovingly yours,，,Yours loving son(father,，,mother,，,nephew),，,注,：以上各种情况,yours,无论放在前面或是放在后面都行，但不可缩写或省去。,信,正文,首先，要注意,礼貌,；其次安排好信的整体布局。,起首,一般很,简洁,，即使是很正规的信件也只需一两句话说明信的来意，私人信件则只需一两句寒暄，然后就另起一段进入信的正文，切忌洋洋洒洒地写一大段。,1,）,How are things recently?,2)Much to our regret that we have to inform you,结束,部分亦要,简洁,流畅，其目的要么是为了给对方留下深刻和美好的印象，要么是强调前文中的重要内容，要么是表达一种希望或是良好的祝愿，等等。,注意,，一定要与起首和正文在内容、语调等方面相吻合，不可游离于正文之外，更不可矫揉造作。,Hope to hear from you soon.,Your prompt reply will be greatly appreciated.,Please accept my apology for the trouble I have caused you during my last visit.,Thank you very much for your patronage in the past and we look forward to,your,help in the future.(,感谢您在过去对我们的资助，也希望您将来能继续给予我们支持。）,信,求职信,应写得认真，有礼貌，表示出你对该单位的,向往之情,；详细介绍自己的情况，包括受教育、专业、工作经历等方面情况。写清楚,求职意向,；如有必要，随信附上有关应征材料（如个人简历），并在信后说明（,Encl:a resume,落款数行之后左下角）。,申请信,要表现出诚挚友好的态度，措辞严谨，不可强硬；应写明申请的,原因,及内容；表达期盼得到的,心情,。,感谢信,要说明感谢的,缘由,，感谢的话语要真挚诚恳，表达感激之情，不能给人以草率的印象。,投诉信,大多是对服务、产品质量不满意，要求得到合理的解决，所以写清楚,存在的问题,是最重要的。但是也要注意言辞用语的礼貌。,倡议书,是写给某一个社会群体或大众的，呼吁大家去做有利于个人或社会的事情。要交代清楚发出倡议的,原因和目的,，要有真情实感，最后还要写清楚联系方式。,NOTICE,1),格式与信的格式相仿，以,NOTICE,或更为具体的,NOTICE,为标题。告知对象如果不具体，可以没有称呼，或者就是,Everybody,Boys and girls,；落款大多时候是一个组织、团体或政府部门。,2,）告示内容要说明清楚，语言,简练,，,明白易懂,。有时需要说明原由和目的，不执行的后果等等。,3,）最后交代,时间,、,地点,，以及相关注意事项。,NOTICE,Time,Dear friends,.,Students Union,讲话稿,Speeches,1.,讲话稿是为了通过语言传达讯息，所以必须,简洁明了,，,通俗易懂,；一般不用冗长的句子，要容易上口，不能过于文绉绉的。,2.,不管是演讲还是致辞，讲话稿都有特定的,语境和受众,，要根据不同的场合安排不同的内容。,3.,开场白和结尾要,自然,，段落及全文要,连贯,，层次分明。,Dear teachers and fellow students,Today is the day of our graduation.,T,his is the day,We all do feel these things,but we feel much more,too.,However,the thing we feel most,I guess,is.,We will always remember this day,and we will always remember you.Thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Thank you!,简历,Resume,简历应当非常,客观,；但客观并不意味着平淡无奇、或纯粹的事实堆砌。,要根据应征的职位和性质来决定描述重点。,工作经历从最近的一次工作岗位和任职时间起进行罗列。,最后部分介绍应聘职位要求技能之外的,其他技能,、,兴趣爱好,、,个人品行,和资格证书、介绍信之类。,resume,Personal Details:Name:_,Date of Birth:_,Address:_,Tel:_,Position Applied for:_,Education:,20_ to 20_ _ High School,Xiangtan,20_ to 20_ _ University,Beijing,BS in Electronic Engineering,Work Experience:,20_ to Present Company:_,Post:_,Responsibilities,:_,_,Other Information:,报告,Report,1.,语气客观求实，尽量多用,被动语态,，少用第一人称论述。,2.,中心思想明确，段落层次清晰，结构安排合理。,3.,中心内容之后，可以介绍背景信息；陈述,证据、细节,；最后提供结论、结果、效果或建议。,Report on a Car Accident,To:_ From:_,Date:_,Subject,:Accident,Report and Request,for Spare Parts,Bob Walton has been involved in a highway accident which,.,Bob wants you to ship the following items to Shanghai:,.,.,.,Bob has arranged to rent a van to pick up the items Thursday morning.You can reach him at 020-36524786.,Anna,