四级口语考试技巧——短文朗读教案资料.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,四级口语应试技巧,应试技巧,第二节 短文朗读,经典范例,实用技能,素材积累,题型解读,短文朗读,短文朗读部分要求考生在给定时间内朗读一篇,120,词,左右的短文,时,间为,1,分钟,，,开始答题前有,45,秒的准备时间,，,两位考生同步进行,。,短文的,话题,可能会涉及教育、人际关系、旅游与运动、环境、娱乐、经济,、,就业与退体、科学与创新、食物等。,题型解读,短文朗读,文章的,难度,适中,可能会出现多个长难句句中可能包含定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句、主语从句以及各种复杂的修饰结构。,短文中一般不会出现超纲,词汇,但可能会出现个别,专有名词,(,国家、城市、机构、人名等,).,也可能会出现数字、日期、货币符号、英文缩写等。在平时的学习中,要多留意这些常见的英文表达,遇到不会读的词汇要及时查阅资料。,题型解读,短文朗读,本项任务采用计算机自动评分,主要基于“,准确性,”“,流利度,”和“,完整性,三,项标准。,“,准确性,”指朗读时的,语音、语调,是否正确,意群停顿,是否恰当,；,“,流利度,”指朗读是否,流利通顺,有无,重复,和自我,更正,:,“,完整性,”指是否在,规定时间,内,读完,给出的段落。,朗读由机器评分,影响机器识别的一个重要因素是每个,单词的,发音,包括单词的重音,这是考生准备的重点。此外,考生也需注意,停顿、升调、降调、连读,等。,题型解读,短文朗读,1.,充分利用准备时间,1),理解主要内容,:,浏览短文时,尽量理解短文内容,为简短回,答作准备,而,非,精细打磨每个单词的发音。,2),理清长句结构,：,长句需要停顿,除标点外,停顿的技巧更多,在于意群的划分,。,意群中不能停顿,意群间可以适当停顿。,只有理,清句子结构,这样才能在朗读时正确断句,。,3),找出难点词汇,尝试按照单词拼读规则首先读出每一个音节,然后记住单词的发音,以免在朗读短文的时候漏读、重复,或停顿。,若,跳过不读,可能会失分较多,。,实用技能,短文朗读,2.,进行一定的朗读训练,纠正音素的发音,1)元音不到位。,将,/ai/,发成类似,/ei/,的声音,(,比如将,like,读成,/leik/,将,/au/,发成类似,/u/,的声音,(,比如将,out,读成,/ut/),。,这些都可能会导致机器“听不懂”。,2)清辅音浊化并拉长。,比如有的学生会将,but,读成“巴特”。,3),摩擦音不准确,。,比如有的学生会将,thank,读成,“,三克”,。,如果音素的发音不准,会影响到很多单词的发音,应全力纠正。,可,仔细模仿录音,。,实用技能,短文朗读,2.,进行一定的朗读训练,纠正,单词,的发音,有些同学即使音素能读对,但单词经常读错,一个重要的原因就是,重音,读错了。可以找一本中学英语词汇手册,根据词汇后的国际音标,纠正词汇的发音,尤其要注意那些过去读错的重音。如果重音读错,不仅英语母语者很难听懂,机器也可能无法识别,。,实用技能,短文朗读,1.,数字的一般读法,1),多位数的读法,读多位数时,需将其分段隔开,由右向左每三位数加,一个逗号,右起第一个逗号前的数为,thousand,右起第二个逗号前的数为,million.,右起第三个逗号前的数为,billion,。,如,:11,234,读作,eleven thousand,two hundred and thirty-four;,6,155,702,读作,six million,one hundred and fifty-five thousand,seven hundred and two.,素材积累,短文朗读,2),年份的读法,a.,不含“零”的年份,:,前后分为两组,均,按基数词读。,比如,:1995,年读作,nineteen ninety-five;,b.,第三位为,“零”,的年份,:,先读出前两位数,将第三个数字“零”读作,/0/(,字母,o,的发音,),然后读出最后一位数字。,如,:2004,年读,作,twenty o four(,或,two thousand and four);,1603,年读作,sixteen o three,c.,后两位或后三位数字为“零”的年份,:,先读出前面的数字,然后读出,hundred,或,thousand,。,如,:1900,年读作,nineteen hundred,；,2000,年读作,two thousand,。,素材积累,/,短文朗读,3),小数,的读法,小数点读作,point,小数点后的数字需逐个读出。,比如,:12.4,读作,twelve point four;,0.8,读作,zero point eight;,0.05,读,作,zero point zero five,素材积累,/,语调,英语中同一句话采用不同的语调可以表示说话人不同的态度和不同的隐含意思。,语调具有强烈的感情色彩，它使语言更富有表现力。,短文朗读,2.,英语的常用语调,升调,(),降调,(),升降调,(),降升调,(),一般说来,一般疑问句用升调,();,陈述句、祈使句、感叹句和特殊疑问句用降调,();,选择疑问句用升降调,(),;,反意疑问句用降升调,(),。,在短文朗读任务中,降调使用得较多,但也应注意使用其他语,调的情况,。,素材积累,1.,一般疑问句用升调。如:,Do you often visit the Museum?,2.选择疑问句的前半部分用升调,如,Are you from America or from Europe?,句子中的升调,3.非正式语体中,用陈述语序呈现的疑问句用升调。如,You want a piece of bread?,The school is far away from your house?,4.同类并列的若干词语,除最后一个外,都用升调。如,I want low fat milk,cheeseburger,and chocolate ice-cream,.,I can offer you high salary,a 7-day paid,vacation,unemployment insurance,and medical insurance.,1,.特殊疑问句通常用降调,。如,：,What have all the flowers gone?,What the hell did he do?,2.感叹句一般也用降调。,如,：,What a game,！,What depressing information!,句子中的降调,3.,陈述句用降调,I have already read that book.,That street is two miles long.,4.,祈使句用降调,Go back to your seat!,Please do not hesitate to contact me.,5,.反义疑问句中,当说话人对自己所说的内容已经,很确定，只是象征性地与对方确认一下时，也降调。,We all live in a global village,arent we?,A small world,，,isnt it?,6,.,用于选择疑问句中“,or”,之后的部分,Do you want to ride or,walk,?,Would you like coffee or,tea?,句子中的降调,7,.并列出现的著干相同类目词语的最后一项用降调。如,:,I want a house with a dining room,two bedrooms,a bath and a basement.,句子中的降调,短文朗读,Are you going to have a birthday party?(),A good way to travel these roads is by cable car.(),What is true of American students studying abroad in the 2014-2015 academic year?(),What a marvelous world of artificial intelligence!(),Shall we go to the KFC()or the school canteen?(),Lets go to the shopping mall(),shall we?(),素材积累,英语的常用语调,练习,意群停顿,句子可以按照它的意思和结构分成小段，这样的小段就叫做意群。例如下面两个句子按意群来分是这样的：,1)By the time he arrived/he was completely exhausted.,2)When I leave Beijing/I will leave/with very fond memories/of the city and its people/and with an increased knowledge of China,.,在说话和朗读时，意群的作用是：如果感到句子很长，一口气说不下来，可以在意群和意群之间有一个很短的停顿（换气）。正确的停顿应该在,意群和意群之间,。同一个意群内不应停顿。,意群之间的停顿不是固定的，而是,灵活的,。可以按照个人的需要，可停顿也可不停顿，可多停顿也可少停顿。,1,.,主句,与,从句,之间常停顿,These are the robots of our dreams,intelligent machines/that live to serve,.,And,the FBI confronts the most heavily armed militia/that US law enforcement has ever faced.,James Bond,the ultimate survivor knows very well,/,that there are many ways to kill,.,2.条件,状语,、时间状语等与,主句,之间常停顿,All,would be lost,/,if not for the,strength of one woman.,Welcome to paradise.When you arrive here youll find a million secrets and as you explore,it,/,Ill,find a million,more.,3.当后置定语较长时,其与所修饰的核心词之间常停顿,But for their variety of appearance,all dogs are simply mutations,/,of their closet ancestral relative,the wolf.,4.表时间、地点、距离、方式等的介词短语与句子其他成分之间常停顿:,The four hundred-year-old Hapsburg dynasty still commands most of Europe,/,to the envy of her,neighbours.,5.表目的、伴随动作、原因、或结果的分词短语与句子其他成分之间常停顿:,But for the Russian people,/,born to this giant land,Europe is distant horizon beyond their imagination.,6.不定式短语与句子其他成分之间常停顿,What exactly happened on that terrible night,/,to cause the death of one thousand,five hundred and twenty-three men,women and children?,7.以and或or分隔的较长的句子成分之间常停顿,But youre not in the jungle of Bali,/,or even a hidden sanctuary somewhere in Thailand.,He drags millions out of the Dark Ages,/,and forges a new nation.,It defies definition,/,and can only be described as unbelievable,capricious and dream,like.,8.同位语与句子其他成分之间常停顿,The one exception:her devoted husband,/,Francis,duke of Lorraine,.,9.插入语与句子其他成分之间常停顿,At times,dogs appear to move and react,/,like wild animals,yet they are by definition,domesticated,.,Animal Instincts,George is a young man.He does not have a wife,but he has a very big dog,and he has a very small car too.He likes playing tennis.Last Monday，he played tennis,for an hour,at his club,and then he ran out,and jumped into a car.His dog came after him,but it did not jump into the same car;,it jumped into the next one.,Come here,silly dog!,George shouted at it,but the dog stayed in the other car.,George put his key,into the lock of the car,but the key did not turn.Then he looked at the car again.It was not his!He was in the wrong car!And the dog,was in the right one!Hes sitting,and laughing at me!George said angrily.But then,he smiled and got into his car,with the dog.,Animal Instincts,George is a young man.He does not have a wife,/but he has a very big dog/,and he has a very small car too.He likes playing tennis.Last Monday/he played tennis/for an hour/at his club,and then he ran out/and jumped into a car.His dog came after him,/but it did not jump into the same car;/it jumped into the next one.,Come here,/silly dog!/George shouted at it/but the dog stayed/in the other car.,George put his key/into the lock of the car,/but the key did not turn.Then he looked at the car again.It was not his!He was in the wrong car!And the dog/was in the right one!Hes sitting/and laughing at me!George said angrily.But then/he smiled/and got into his car/with the dog.,如何处理句子中的弱读,学会助动词的弱读,是掌握连读技巧的第一步。任何一种语言,在口语表达时,句子中的单词有重读,弱读这样的变化,句子听上去才生动、自然。英语也不例外。那么,在英语中,哪些单词在句子中需要弱读呢?一般情况下,助动词会明显地弱读。,一、助动词弱读,助动词弱读时,其发音与单词音标中的发音会有一些不同,快读时,他们发音会变为:,do you/dju:/Im/a,i,m/be/bi/,were/,w,/werent/,w,:nt/,being/bi,/,was/,w,z/,have/h,v/we,re/,wi,/,been/,bin/havent/h,vnt/,二、介词的弱读,处理好介词的弱读,会让您的英语听起来流利得多。常用介词在重读和弱读时的不同发音：,单词,重读形式,弱读形式,from,/frm/,/frm/,to,/tu:/,/t,/,at,/,t,/,/,t,/,for,/,f:,/,/,f,/,句子中的重读,语句重音(sentence stress)是指根据不同的交际需要对句子的某个或者某些词加以强调。,重音的特点,是:,发音用力较多,音量较大,时间较长,。重音分为:表意重音,逻辑重音及情感重音。,一、表意重音,表意重音是指讲话人在没有受个人情感影响或没有特意将句中的某一信息加以强调的情况下,对句中所有实词一视同仁地加以强调。实词包括:名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、指示代词、疑问代词等;虚词包括:词、冠词、助动词、连词、人称代词等。如:,表意重音 如:,In,general,we,emphasize,a,word,as we,stress,a,syllable,by,giving,it,more force,longer duration,and,higher pitch.,I,believe,the,course,I have,followed,with,China,is the,one,thats,best,for,America，disagreeing,where,we have,serious,disagreements,pursuing,our,common interests,where I,thought,it,was,in the,interest,of,the,United States,(Bill Clinton),二、逻辑重音,1.I suggest you talk to her this,evening,.,2.I suggest you talk to her,this,evening.,3.I suggest you talk to,her,this evening,.,4.I suagest you,talk,to her this evening,5.I s,u,ggest,you,talk to her this evening.,6,.I,s,u,ggest,you talk to her this evening.,7,.,I,s,u,ggest you talk to her this evening.,二、逻辑重音,逻辑重音又叫对比重音,指讲话人有意将句中的某个成分(一般只有一个,但也有两个的情况)与上下文当中的另一个成分相对比而给予的特殊强调。此时,句中本来该重读的实词被读得快而弱,本来该弱读的虚词被减弱到几乎听不出来的程度。,试比较下组7个句子:,三、情感重音,情感重音是指说话人在处于极为激动的情况下,对某个能表达其情感的词或词组给予超常规的强调,如：,We Chinese people are,unconquerable,.,句子中的连读与失爆,句子连读,我们在听英语时,会发现漂亮的口语听起来流畅,有跳跃感和音乐感。这是由连读带来的效果,连读的规则如下：,1.,在语速较慢的语流中,意群内的辅音和元音可以统统连起来,because of an air raid,应该读作,because,of,an,air,raid,/,bik,zvne,reid,/,句子连读,再如：,when I was an undergraduate,应该读作,when,I was,an,undergraduate,2.在特定情况下,所有的辅音都可以跟后面的元音连读,意群和意群之间也可以连读。,在正常或者较快的语速中,只要句子不是太长(大约15个单词以内),如,Please write it in English and give it to your uncle as soon as possible.可以读作,Please write,it,in,English,and give,it to your,uncle,as soon,as possible.,/pli:z ra,i,titini,glid,givit,j:,rkl,su:n,s,p,s,bl,/,句子连读,3.以字母r或者re结尾的单词在与紧跟其后的词首元音相连时,须加进一个/,r,/,这个加/叫“连接,r,。如there is可以读作,/,r,iz,/,fair enough可以读作/,fe,ri,nf,/,此外,还有一种/,r/,叫“插入,/,r,/,即以/,/,或,/:/结尾的单词,即使没有字母r或,re,若其后紧跟着非重读元音，,连读时中间要插入一个/,r,/。如,drama,and music /dra:m,r,n mju:zik/,Russia,and China /r,r,n,t,a,i,n,/,law,and order/,l,:r,n,:d,/,句子连读,句子中的失爆,/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/,发音时，气流在口腔和鼻腔两处受到完全的阻碍。当口腔突然打开时，气流冲出口腔，形成爆破音。,失去爆破：,两个爆破音相邻时,，第一个爆破音不发出声音，只保留发音动作，稍停顿一下，实际上只有后一个爆破音发音。,bookkeeper/,bu,k,ki:p,/handbag/,hn,d,bg,/,blackboard/,bl,k,b :d,/September/s,p,temb,/,sit down/,si,t,daun,/used to/,ju:s,d,tu,/,that time/,t,taim,/a red car/,re,d,ka:,/,a,t,most a,t,best a,t,present,a,t,night kee,p,track of sto,p,the car,ca,b,-driver kee,p,quiet kic,k,the ball,throughou,t,China goo,d,chance,no,t,now nigh,t,train,ge,t,through shoul,d,not,goo,d,night righ,t,there,passpor,t,number,pronouncing practices,-Loss of plosive,book keeper,bookkeeper,hand bag,handbag,black board,blackboard,sit down,sit down,used to,used to,that time,that time,red car,a red car,-Loss of plosive,pronouncing practices,Sentence reading:,1.He,used to,swim.,他过去常游泳。,2.Are you,used to,the food here?,你习惯吃这儿的饭菜吗。,3.I had a,bad cold,.,我得了重感冒。,4.I bought a red,handbag,.,我买了个红色的手提包。,5.Tom is a,good book-keeper,.,汤姆是个好簿记员。,6.He,like to,talk big,.,他喜欢说大话。,7.I,stopped to,let the,black car,pass.,我停下来让这辆黑车过去。,8.I,expect to,join the,football,team.,我希望加入足球队。,短文朗读,3.,容易读错的单词,1),同形词,拼写相同,词性不同,重音不同。,permit(,动词,),允许,content(,名词,),内容,permit(,名词,),许可证,content,形容词满意的,record(,动词,),记录,present(,动词,),呈现,record(,动词,),记录,present,名词,),礼物,increase(,动词,),增加,desert(,动词,),遗弃,increase(,名词,),增加,desert(,名词,),沙漠,insult(,动词,),侮辱,transport(,动词,),运输,insult,名词,),侮辱,transport(,名词,),运输,素材积累,短文朗读,3.,容易读错的单词,2),同根词,有的单词有相同的词根,容易误读元音或重音。比如在学习英文单词时,如果先学了,academy,这个单词,会注意到其重音在第二个音节,读作,kdmi.,日后如果再遇到同根词,academic,如果不去查词典,就可能将其误读成,kdmik.,其实这个单词应读作,kdemik,类似的单词还有,:,素材积累,短文朗读,2.,容易读错的单词,2),同根词,素材积累,短文朗读,2.,容易读错的单词,3),形近词：拼写接近，朗读易混淆。,素材积累,短文朗读,2.,容易读错的单词,4),重音在第一个音节的词,有些英文单词的第一个音节容易被认作词缀,所以有的同学读这些单词时经常将重音后移,比如将,obviously,读成,bvsl,类似的单词还有,素材积累,短文朗读,Sample One,Topic Area:Travel and Sports,Topic:Travel,In this task,you are to read aloud a short passage.You will have 45 seconds to go over the passage and one minute to read it aloud.Now here is the passage,.,经典范例,短文朗读,经典范例,Many people would list San Francisco,/,as one of the most delightful cities,/,in the world,.,/,Sitting on the Paci,fic coast,/,it gives you a feeling of the sea.,/,The sea breezes wake you up,/,and,m,ake you eat well,/,and sleep well.,/,The city was planned with straight roads,/,and these roads cross each other,/at right angles,/,making,squares as they do,/,/,in many American,c,ities.,/,Very often,/,you can,fi,nd yourself on top of a hill in the city,/,looking down one of these straight roads,/,as it rises and falls,/,on its journey through the town.,/,A good way to travel these roads,/,is by cable car.,/,These are buses that run on rails in the ground,/,up and down,the steep hills.,短文朗读,For the first time,the number of international students in the United States topped one million in an academic year,up 7.1%,increase from the previous year.According to a report issued by the Institute of International Education.China continued to send the most students to the United States,making up some 31.5%of all international enrollments in the United,经典范例,Topic:Studying Abroad,短文朗读,States.,The number of students from China was more than 328,000,up 8.1%over the prior academic year.The number of students from India grew by 25%to 165.918.International students spent about 30.5 billion dollars in the United States last year and U.S.higher education became more dependent on that revenue.,经典范例,Topic:Studying Abroad,大学英语四级考试笔试试卷中就有一些适合朗读的材料，比如,听力部分的短文理解,（,Section C,）、,阅读部分的选词填空,（,Section A,）。这些材料与四级口语考试中要求朗读的短文风格类似、难度相近，考生不妨将其用作平时的训练素材,。,