小学英语专题一名词.doc

小学英语语法基础知识专题一 名 词
一、名词的数
1) 规则变化
①一般在名词后加s.如boy→boys, pen→pens bag---bags bed---beds
但是 chicken 当小鸡讲时，是可数名词，There are a lot of chickens in the house.
当鸡肉讲时，是不可数， I like eating chicken .
②以s, x, sh, ch结尾的，加es.如bus-buses box-boxes brush-brushes, watch-watches match
但stomach的复数为stomachs.
注意 mouth month path
③"以辅音字母+y"结尾的，y变为i，然后再加es.如baby→babies city—cities country--- countries
注意 以“元音+y”，直接加s。如：day--days，boy--boys
④以f或fe结尾的名词把f或fe改为v, 再加es. 如knife-knives ,  half-halves
(wife ,knife，wolf， thief， shelf，self，life , half, leaf)
口诀：妻子持刀去宰狼， 小偷吓得发了慌； 躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。
例外 以f结尾， 加S 的情况 ：gulf（海湾）, roof（屋顶）, chief（首领）, serf（奴仆）,
belief（信仰）, proof（证据）, 但handkerchief（手帕）---handkerchiefs 或handkerchieves。
口诀： 海湾边、屋顶上，首领农仆两相望； 谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上
⑤以o结尾的名词
加-es Negro（黑人）—Negroes ，hero（英雄）-heroes, tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes
加-s kilo→kilos, photo→photos, , radio→radios, piano→pianos, video→videos. bamboo—bamboos zoo---zoos
但zero---zeros或 zeroes
2) 不规则变化
① man→men, woman→women, policeman→policemen, foot→feet, tooth→teeth
child-children， mouse→mice , Englishman→Englishmen， Frenchwoman--- Frenchwomen
注意 German（德国人）---Germans ， American---Americans ， Australian(澳大利亚人)---Australians

② 单复数同形如： Japanese→Japanese, Chinese→Chinese sheep→sheep, deer→deer
fish—fish 注意 fish作鱼肉讲时不可数。I like eating fish.
fish指鱼 时是可数。 He gives me two fish.
③ 有些名词形式上是单数，实为复数意义，通常被称为复数名词，如：people, police
(不说a people，可说a person) 两个人two persons 或 two people
police(警察) ten police (不说a police，可说a policeman)
④合成名词变复数
apple tree→apple trees , bus driver --- bus drivers ,girl friend--- girl friends
passer-by(过路人) → passers-by grown-up → grown-ups(成年人)
注意：被man 或woman 修饰的名词变复数时，两个名词都要变。
man doctor →men doctors woman teacher→women teachers
man driver---men drivers woman nurse---women nurses
⑤ 有些名词只有复数形式，如：clothes, trousers, glasses, scissors(剪刀), chopsticks
⑥ 数词+名词作定语时， 常采用数词+单数名词形式，如a two-week holiday, an 8-year old girl.
另一种常见的形式有five minutes' walk, two days' leave

3）不可数名词 没有单复数形式，要表示不可数名词的数量，可用以下两种方法。
① 可用表单位的词修饰不可数名词
a piece of paper two pieces of paper a piece of bread
a bottle of water a cup of coffee
a glass of milk a piece of news
② 用a little, little, much, a lot of ,lots of, some, any等修饰不可数名词。
There is a little milk in the cup. （ a little一些，一点儿, 表肯定）
There is little milk in the cup. （ little 几乎没有， 表否定）
拓展 可数名词表复数时，可用以下词语修饰：a few, few, many, a lot of ,lots of ,some, any 等修饰可数名词。
There are a few students in the room. （ a few 一些 ， 表肯定）
There are few students in the room. （few 几乎没有，表否定）
二、名词的格
1）表示有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格一般在名词后加's Tom’s knife
①以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加' 如： the teachers' reading room;
②不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格要加's. children's pens women’s books
③如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在后一个名词的后面加's Jane and Helen's room (共有的房间)
④如果不是共有的，则两个名词之后都要加's Bill's and Tom's rooms（不共有）
2）表示无生命的东西，一般用 of+名词的结构。
a map of China
the picture of the family
the legs of the table
a picture of my father 指的是爸爸本人的照片。
3)有些表示时间，距离，国家，城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以用's
ten minutes’walk
one month’s vacation
4)双重所有格
a friend of mine= one of my friend 我朋友当中的一个
【课堂练习】
I.写出下列名词的复数形式。
watch ____________strawberry___________ child ____________ thief ____________
　 photo ___________ diary __________ box___________ man doctor_______
　　day ______________ foot______________ zoo pear tree_________
　　book____________ peach____________ dress ____________ girl student___________
tooth____________ baby______________ deer__________ _ German__________
stomach mouth hero woman nurse__________
Negro American kilo leaf
Frenchman piano knife
II. 翻译下列词组。
一些桃子___________ 我的自行车__________ 五袋大米____________ 教师节__________
八只脚__________ 妇女节__________ 二十颗牙齿___________ 二张纸_________
三瓶果汁________ 四个男医生_________ 四十个女警察__________ 七颗梨树_________
十二把小刀_________ 一副世界地图________ 九个德国人________ Helen的朋友_______
许多孩子 __________ 双胞胎的妈妈___________ Tom和Jack共有的房间
III. 按要求改写下列句子。
1. There is an orange tree in the garden.（改为复数句）_____________________________________
　　2. She is a good teacher. （改为复数句）____________________________________________________
3. I have some interesting story books. （改为单数句）______________________________________
　　4. There are some women teachers over there. （改为单数句）_________________________________
　　5. -What is it? -It's a box. （改为复数句）　_______________________________________________
IV. 单项选择。
( )1.Mr Smith is _______father. They are twin sisters.
　　A. Mary 's and John's B. Mary's and John C. Mary and John's
( )2.She needs ___________________.
　　A. a glass water B. two glasses of water C. two glasses of waters
( )3.There are five______ in our school.
　　A. woman teacher B woman teachers C. women teachers
( )4.There are many _______ in the fridge.
　　A. food B.bread C. vegetables
( )5.I'm thirsty. I think I'll buy some______.
　　A. water B. eggs C. cakes
( ) 6.John bought ___ for himself yesterday.
　　A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoe
( )7. -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____.
　　A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken
( )8. There are five ___in our factory.
　　A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers
( )9. The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____.
A. thirty minutes's walk B. thirty minute's walk
C. thirty minutes' walk D. thirty minutes walk
( ) 10. _____ turn yellow in autumn.
　　A. Leaf B. Leaves C. Leave D. Leafs
( ) 11. Will you please show me the way to the _____ shop?
　　A. shoe B. shoes' C. shoes D. shoe's
( ) 12. _____ hard work it is! A. What a B. How C. What D. How a
( ) 13. His family_____a happy one.
　　A. be B. are C. is D. was
( ) 14. I met two_____in the street yesterday morning.
　　A. German B. Australian C. American D. Japanese
( ) 15. My grandparents like_____very much, so they grow some in their_____garden every year.
A. vegetable, vegetable B. vegetable, vegetables
B. C. vegetables, vegetables D. vegetables, vegetable
　V.用所给单词的正确形式填空。
　　1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
　　2. There is some________(food) in the basket.
　　3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.
　　4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.
　　5. There are five________(people ) in his family.
　　6. Let's take________(photo), OK?
　　7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.
　　8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn yellow.
　　9. Their________(dictionary) look new.
　　11. There are many________(fox) in the picture.
　　12.Different people may have different _______(idea).
　　13.Would you like some ________(tomato)?
　　14. Jim has some ____________(knife).
　　15. The girl under the tree is a friend of _______(Lucy).
小学英语语法 5 基础知识专题