英美概况美国部分(修正版).doc

PART TWO The United States of American
1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族
1)introduction 概要
① the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.
② a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.There are many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.
移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement
①blacks and slavery
the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.
美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。1%；1619年最早的黑人作为奴隶被运至美国。 ②The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln‘s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Consititution in 1865.the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s demanded desegregation and equal right.
1863年林肯总统的《解放宣言》和1865年的《宪法第13修正案》使奴隶制度正式瓦解。废除种族隔离和人权平等导致了1960年的民权运动。
2.American History
1) The ―discovery‖ of the New World 发现新大陆
①The ―first Americans‖ were the Indians
最早的美国人是印第安人
②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies.He thought he had reached Asia and didn‘t know he had disvovered a New Continent.
15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。
③ Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent.Therefore, the land was named America after him.
阿美利歌。韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。
2)Causes of the colonization of the New World
Opportunity was a magic word.①The new World drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.
机遇是一个神奇的词。1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。3）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。4）许多人为寻求宗教自由而在这英国殖民地定居下来，因为他们在英国受到宗教迫害。 3)The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. They were Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georlina.
美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。从1607年到1733年间，英国在北美的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。 In 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.The Puritans（清教徒）,unlike the Pilgrims(清教徒前辈)who were artisans and peasants,were wealthy,well-educated gentlemen.The Puritans did not allow religious dissent.The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character.They were:representative from of government,rule of law,respect of individual rights,religious tolerance and a strong of individual enterprise.
1620年，清教徒前辈中的201人乘坐―5月花号‖船来到新大陆，在普利茅斯建立了殖民地。清教徒和身为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同，他们富有，是受过良好教育的绅士。清教徒不允许异教存在。殖民者在新大陆建立了一种新的生活方式。以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一定作用：政府的代表形式，法制，对人权的尊重，宗教的宽容和强大个人进取精神。
3）The American War of Independence and its consequences.美国独立战争极其影响
①the causes:With the development of economy,the people in the colonies wanted more power to determine their own business.But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and collect more taxes from the colonies.
原因：随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。而英国政府的政策是要把经济发展控于股掌，并向殖民地征收更多的税
②the Boston Tea Party(波士顿茶叶事件): In 1773, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships of the British East India Company and threw the tea into the harbor.
1773年，几十名波士顿居民化装成印第安人，登上英国东印度公司的船，将茶叶倾入海中。 ③the First continental Congress: In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.
第一届大陆会议：1774年9月，在费城召开，鼓励美国人抵制英货。
④Lexington and Concord(列克星顿和康克特)：The War of Independence began at there in 1775. ⑤The Second Continental Congress(three weeks after the battle at Lexington in 1775 ):founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of Washington; appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration(Thomas Jefferson was the man who draft it), the Declaration of Independence, And adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.
第二次大陆会议（1775年的列克星顿战役三周之后）：建立了大陆军和海军，任命华盛顿为总司令；指定了一个委员会负责起草一份正式宣言（托马斯。杰斐逊起草），1776.6.4，通过了独立宣言。
⑥The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.
宣言清晰地解释了指导这场革命的政治理论，这一理论源于英国哲学家约翰。洛克。
⑦The consequences: IN September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States; the war was from 1775 to 1781, it shows that, in a just war ,a weak nation can defeat a strong one. American people gained independence and capitalism developed in America. It also had great international influence.
意义：1783年9月，《巴黎条约》签署，英国承认美国独立；战争从1775-1781，表明，在一场正义的战争中，弱者可以战胜强者。美国人民获得了独立，资本主义得到发展。同时具有深远的国际影响。
4)Establishment of a federal form of government: 联邦政府的建立
①The Articles of Confederation was unusual in many ways.1)it provided for no king;2)while the Articles created a central government in the form of a Congress,the emphasis was still on state powers.3)the Articles of Confederation was a written constitution for the U.S..
But there were serious weaknesses, it was difficult to carry on the business of the government without someone to do the executive‘s job. Congress was too large a body to function as government. And Congress had no power to raise taxes. A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate.
十三洲联邦宪法的不同之处在于：1）没有采用君主立宪制；2）确立了国会形式的中央政府，但仍以洲治为主；3）是美国的明文宪法。但也存在严重缺陷：无人主持行政工作，政府事务很难执行。国会体制庞大，无法起到政府职能，国会无权提高税收。1787年5月于费城召开了一次大会，讨论如何改进十三洲联邦宪法。
②The Great Compromise(on July 16,1787): gave each state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.
1787.7.16出台的大折中：赋予各州在参议院中同样的选举权,而众议院中的代表人数则根据各州的人口决定。
③The Bill of Rights (1791)，became the first ten amendments to the constitution of the American constitutional—the Bill of Rights. By then, it is agreed, the foundation of the American constitutional system was completed.
1791年通过的，成为对《宪法》最早的十项修正案—人权法案。一般认为至此美国宪法体制的建立全部完成。
④ the first Congress: met in New York In 1789. the first President:Washington
5)Consequences of territorial expansion and the westward Movement领土扩张和西进运动 ①forced England to give up the Old Northwest;
迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区
②Purchased the Louisiana from Napoleon.(1790’s)
向拿破伦购买路易斯安那州
③forced Spain to cede Florida and the Gulf coast.
迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨西哥海岸。
④Texas added to the Union(1845).
1845, 德克萨斯加入联邦
⑤Obtained California and New Mexico From Mexico by the war with Mexico (1846-1848) 从墨西哥战争1846-4848，得到加利福尼亚和新墨西哥。
⑥The Gadsden Purchase(1853)another 30,000 square miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S.,in return,the U.S.paid 10 million dollars.
1853年的‗加滋登购地‘中，又有3万平方英里的墨西哥变成了美国领土，美国付了1千万美圆的补偿。
6)The American Civil War and its impact on the development of the U.S
①The conflict between the North and the South: In the early 1800’s, black slavery disappeared in the north because of industry development. But it continued to exist in the South. In the South, farming remained the most important way of making a living and the planter farmed a large area of land. Slave labors seemed best suited for producing these crops.
19世纪早期，由于工业的发展，黑奴在北方消失。但在南方仍然存在。在南方，农耕是最主要的谋生手段，农场主耕种了大片土地。奴隶劳动力似乎最适于这些农作物的生产。 ②The Compromise of 1850: the North and the South allowed California to be accepted as a free state while ordering the returning of runaway slaves to the masters.
1850年通过了一个折中的方案：同意加利福尼亚为自治州，将逃跑的奴隶归还主人。
③Abraham Lincoln (亚伯拉罕. 林肯)：Soon after Lincoln Became the U.S. President, the War broke out on April 12, 1861.He realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.Thus England and France stood by the Union‘s side.Many black slaves joined the Union Army.
亚伯拉罕. 林肯:当林肯成为美国总统后，1861.4.12爆发战争，他意识到可以把战争变为反奴隶的正义战争，从而获得国内外对联邦的支持。所以他颁布了著名的《解放宣言》。这样英法各国站到了联邦一边，许多黑奴加入了联邦军。
Lincoln’s speech:―That government of the people,by the people, for the people,shall not perish from the earth.‖
民有，民治，民享的政府是不会从地球上消亡的。
The Thirteenth Amendment,which banned slavery,was added to the Constitution in December,1865. 废除奴隶制的第十三修正案于1865年12月写入宪法。
⑦Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War
内战后资本主义的迅速发展
After the war, the U.S. saw great developments in Industry, agriculture, science and technology, and population.
①reasons: a stable political environment after the war was over;
enough labour supply after black slaves were free; new immigrants;
Science and invention played a very important role in accelerating America’s industrial
development;
the federal government put high taxes on foreign imports; the Rich natural resources.
原因：战后稳定的政治环境；
黑奴自由，新移民都提供了足够的劳动力；
科学和发明在美国的工业发展中起到重要作用；
联邦政府对进口商品课以高税，丰富的自然资源。
②consequences: Both production and capital became increasingly concentrated.
生产和资本越来越集中。
3.American History (1900-1945)
1)Economic growth in the early 20th century
①tremendous growth of the American economy(between the end of the civil war and 1900): Steam and electricity replaced human muscle,steel took the place of iron.Machines and oil were used.People and goods could move by railroads.In 1900 it became the largest producer of coal and steel in the world.
内战结束到1900年间，美国经济取得了巨大发展；蒸汽和电力取代了人力，钢取代了铁。机器和石油得到了应用，客运和货运可以通过铁路进行。煤和铁以巨大产量位居世界之首。
②features in the growth of the economy:1) there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers. By 1910, incorporation had become the dominant type; 2)With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network,there was a mushroom growth of cities and urbanization; 3)there was a rapid development of new technology. The automobile and radio also developed. America was on the way of becoming a nation on wheels.
经济发展的特点：1）出现了工业和金融合并发展的势头。到1910年，联合企业已成为主导形式；2）随着工业和铁路网络的扩张，城市如雨后春笋般发展起来（都市化）；3）新工业技术的发展迅猛。汽车和无线电也发展起来，美国正在成为一个车轮上的国家。
2) progressivism and some of the reform efforts.
Progressivism, also known as the Progressive Movement, appeared in America at the turn of the 20th century. It demanded government regulation(规范) of the economy and social conditions – social area:to improve living conditions of the poor, to ban child labour, work hour limit for women workers,and industrial accident insurance.
Political area:to reform state and city governments and economic area:to regulate big businesses.
进步运动出现在20世纪初，是一场要求政府调控经济和社会生活条件的运动—社会领域：改善城市贫民的居住条件，禁止使用童工
政治领域：改革市政府和州政府，经济领域：调控大型企业。
①the Muckrakers and Progressive Movement: The Muckrakers, a group of reform-minded journalists,made investigations and exposed various dark sides of society.Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political,social, and economic reforms.
搜集并揭发丑闻的人，是一群锐意改革的新闻记者，调查和揭露了社会的阴暗面。进步运动不是一场具有明确目标的有组织的运动，而是政治，社会以及经济改革方面一系列不同形式的努力。
3) role of the U.S. in WWI
At the beginning of the war, Wilson said American policy was neutrality, But in fact it pursued a policy of pro-Ally(支持同盟国) partiality. American declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917.The Peace Conference,the Paris Conference,began on January 18,1919.The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of Germany,Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations.The result of the Paris Conference was the emergence of the Versailles Treaty System in Europe.
战争初期，威尔逊声明美国中立，但事实上采用了亲同盟国的偏狭政策。美国于1917年4.6对德宣战。1919.1.18,巴黎和会召开，这个会议实质上是瓜分德国，奥匈帝国，奥斯曼帝国殖民地，尽可能掠夺战败国的会议。巴黎和会的结果是欧洲凡尔赛条约体系的出现
4)characteristics of the 1920s
The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.the war changed the U.S. from a debtor nation into a creditor. There was further urbanization, new development of technology and mass production. The 1920s in the U.S. has been described as a period of material success and spiritual frustration. More people had cars. The government gave help to industry and business. There existed a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism. There was the Red Scare in 1919 and 1920. There was the revival of the Ku Klux Klan(三K党反动组织复活)which claimed a membership of 5 million. 20世世纪20年代的美国被很多历史学家描绘成一个物质丰厚而精神崩溃和迷惘的年代。战争将美国从债务国变成债权国。进一步的都市化，技术和大规模生产有了新的发展。更多的人有了车。政府给予工业和商业帮助。产生了一种激进、偏狭的民族主义。一是1919-1920的‗红色恐怖；三K党的复兴，宣布已有5百万党员。
5)the Great Depression(1929-1937) and the New Deal 大萧条和新政
①no regulation or control over various kinds of investment companies.The banking system lacked stability. stock market speculation（股票市场投机） and over expansion of credit.(借贷过度膨胀)stock market crash (1929): America‘s stock market crash came on October 24,1929, called the black Thursday
没有对各种投资公司调节与控制。银行系统缺乏稳定性。股票市场的投机与信贷过度膨胀。股票崩盘：1929.10.24，被称为黑色星期四。
②the gross national product(GNP) shrank(收缩) from $87 billion in 1929 to $41 billion in 1933. the unemployed went up; Misery and personal sufferings were widespread. 国民生产总值从1929年的870亿降到1933年的410亿美元。失业率增加，不幸和痛苦到处可见。
6)Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal
①Roosevelt became the U.S. president in 1932. He had a sure sense of what seemed practical or possible. He was a great communicator, able to talk to people in all walks of life. His ―fireside chats‖over the radio were listened to by millions of people.
罗斯福于1932年成为美国总统，他能准确辨别什么是现实的或可行的。他是一个伟大的交际者，能够和各界人事谈的来。他通过无线电播出的―炉边谈话‖拥有数百万的听众。
②the New Deal: Measure of the New Deal include establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking; Federal government management of relief and security system（社会救济保障体系）; recovery of industry and agriculture; passage of federal labour laws; improvement of the situation of