限定和非限定性定语从句学习教案.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,限定(xindng)和非限定(xindng)性定语从句,第一页，共38页。,限定性定语(dngy)从句,1.that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置。,2.which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语(dngy)从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢。,3.代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all,anything,much等，这时的that常被省略。,第1页/共37页,第二页，共38页。,4.who和whom引导(yndo)的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。,5.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。,6.when引导(yndo)定语从句表示时间 注值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导(yndo)，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导(yndo)。,By the time you arrive in London,we will have stayed there for two weeks.,I still remember the first time I met her.,Each time he goes,to,business trip,he brings a lot of living necessities,such as towers,soap,toothbrush etc.,第2页/共37页,第三页，共38页。,7.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。,8.当从句(cn j)的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导。,限定性定语(dngy)从句,第3页/共37页,第四页，共38页。,非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句(zh j)间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。,which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句(zh j)的某一部分。,在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which,at which,for which或at which。,I like the music for the very reason that(for which)he dislike it.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。,We arrived the day that(on which)they left.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。,非限定性定语(dngy)从句,第4页/共37页,第五页，共38页。,3.有时as也可用作关系代词(dic)。,4.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who,whom代表人，用which代表事物。,非限定性定语(dngy)从句,第5页/共37页,第六页，共38页。,定语从句(cn j)有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句(cn j)是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句(cn j)是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：,This is the house which we bought last month.,这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。,（限制性）,The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.,这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。,（非限制性）,限制性定语(dngy)从句和非限制性定语(dngy)从句（一）,第6页/共37页,第七页，共38页。,当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：,Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.,查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。,My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.,我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。,This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.,这本小说很动人(dngrn)，我已经读了三遍。,限制性定语(dngy)从句和非限制性定语(dngy)从句（二）,第7页/共37页,第八页，共38页。,非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：,He seems not,to,have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.,他似乎(s h)没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。,Liquid water changes,to,vapor,which is called evaporation.,液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。,说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。,限制性定语(dngy)从句和非限制性定语(dngy)从句（三）,第8页/共37页,第九页，共38页。,限制性定语从句(cn j)和非限制性定语从句(cn j)（四）,区别,1.限定性定语从句:从句不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整(wnzhng)。,非限定性定语从句:从句可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整(wnzhng)。,2.限定性定语从句:先行词可以用that 引导。,非限定性定语从句:先行词不可以用that 引导。,3.限定性定语从句:引导词有时可以省略。,非限定性定语从句:引导词不可以省略。,4.限定性定语从句:主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开。,非限定性定语从句:主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。,5.限定性定语从句:从句只修饰先行词。,非限定性定语从句:从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。,第9页/共37页,第十页，共38页。,功能和形式方面的区别,限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：,1.Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources,to,speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located.,为了(wi le)加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。,2.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.,洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。,3.They explained the reason,to,us why they had hated us before.,他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。,限制性定语从句(cn j)和非限制性定语从句(cn j)（五）,区别,第10页/共37页,第十一页，共38页。,非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句或句中某个成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述(shngsh)原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。,限制性定语从句(cn j)和非限制性定语从句(cn j)（六）,区别,第11页/共37页,第十二页，共38页。,The old man has a son,who is in the army.,那位老人有一个儿子(r zi)，他在部队工作。,此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：“这位老人只有一个儿子(r zi)”。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：“The old man has a son who is in the army.”那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子(r zi)。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：“这位老人有一个儿子(r zi)在部队工作”，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子(r zi)在干别的工作。,第12页/共37页,第十三页，共38页。,1.I have a sister,who works in a hospital,.,我有一位在医院工作(gngzu)的姐姐。,2.I have a sister,who works in a hospital.,我有一位姐姐(ji jie)，她在医院工作。,3.All the magazines here,which have beautiful pictures in them,were written by him.,里面有漂亮图画的那些(nxi)杂志是他写的。,4.All the magazines here,which have beautiful pictures in them,were written by him.,所有的杂志都是他写的，里面都有漂亮的图画。,有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思,（不只一位姐姐）,（只有一位姐姐）,（杂志有带图画和不带图画两类）,（杂志只有一种）,第13页/共37页,第十四页，共38页。,Fill in the blanks with proper relative words.,1.The famous basketball star,_is an American,came to China yesterday.,2.In those days,she used to go to Mr black,with _she had a wonderful time.,3.I bought a car yesterday,_ cost me a lot.,4.Xian,_I visited last year,is a nice old city.,5.He will come to see me next July,_ he wont be so busy.,6.The school,_I once studied,was built thirty years ago.,7.John said hed been working in the office for an hour,_ was true.,who,whom,which,which,when,where,which,第14页/共37页,第十五页，共38页。,He told me a story,which,is already known to all.,He came late,which,made the teacher angry.,He missed the movie,which,was a great pity.,“which”,can be used to refer to _.,第15页/共37页,第十六页，共38页。,Which和as引导(yndo)非限制性定从时的用法区别：1.which引导(yndo)的非限制性定从不能置于句首，而as非限定从可放在句首，句中或句末。,2.由as构成的常见(chn jin)搭配如：as we all know,as is known,to,all,as is said above等表“正如”之意，而which 不能。,3.As 引导的从句在意义上一般(ybn)不与主句意义相背离。,第16页/共37页,第十七页，共38页。,as 引导的非限制性定语从句一些固定句型：,1as has been said before 如上所述,2as may be imagined,正如可以想象(xingxing)出来的那样,3as is well known 众所周知,4as was expected 正如预料的那样,5as has been already pointed out,正如已经指出的那样,6as we all can see,正如我们都会看到的那样,第17页/共37页,第十八页，共38页。,Eg.As is known to everybody,the moon travels around the earth once every month.,As is often the case(情况(qngkung)通常如此），we have worked out the plan.,As is reported in the newspaper,talks between two countries are making progress.,第18页/共37页,第十九页，共38页。,Whats the difference between“which”and“as”when they refer to a whole sentence?,Structure:,“as”can be used in front of the sentence,As was expected,we won the game.,We won the game,as was expected.,Meaning:,“as”always means:正如一样(yyng),第19页/共37页,第二十页，共38页。,He missed the show,which,was a great pity.,He invited me to dinner,which,made me happy.,非限制性定语从句中关系代词which/as可指整个主句的意思或一部分意思。As引导的定语从句既可以位于句末，也可以位于句首或句中。,As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history.正如大家所知，中国是一个有着悠久历史的国家。,She is a teacher,as is clear from her manner.,她是位教师，这一点从她的举止(jzh)可以清楚地看出。,More examples,第20页/共37页,第二十一页，共38页。,典型(dinxng)例题,Helen was much kinder,to,her youngest son than,to,the others,_,of course,made the others envy(嫉妒(jd)him.,A.who B.that,C.what D.which,D,第21页/共37页,第二十二页，共38页。,3。非限制性定从还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行(jnxng)修饰，这时从句谓语动词用第三人称单数。,eg.He seems not,to,have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.,eg.Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.,第22页/共37页,第二十三页，共38页。,Carol said the work would be done by October,_ personally(就我个人(grn)而论)I doubt(怀疑)very much,A.it B.that,C.when D.which,D,第23页/共37页,第二十四页，共38页。,关系代词：which/who/whom/whose/as,关系副词(fc)：when/where,(非限制性定语从句中不用关系词that；非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略),非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系(gun x)代词和副词,第24页/共37页,第二十五页，共38页。,在of which/whom之前可以使用表达数量(shling)或定位的数词或代词。,1.I am doing different types of exercises,all of _,are quite helpful to my health.,2.Many people,some of _,are not overweight,are going on diets.,3.There are 54 students in my class,three of,_,come from US.,Other examples,which,whom,whom,第25页/共37页,第二十六页，共38页。,典型(dinxng)例题,The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80%_ are sold abroad.,A.of which B.which of,C.of them D.of that,A,第26页/共37页,第二十七页，共38页。,Its the same in China-many people,some of whom are not overweight at all,are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills,which are often dangerous,.,第27页/共37页,第二十八页，共38页。,The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.,A.for which B.at which C.in which D.on which,C,第28页/共37页,第二十九页，共38页。,There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.,A.where B.which,C.when D.that,A,第29页/共37页,第三十页，共38页。,1.I have many friends,some _ are businessmen.,A.why B.from which,C.who of D.of whom,D,第30页/共37页,第三十一页，共38页。,2,If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men,women will spend more time in the shop.,A.that B.which,C.when D.where,D,第31页/共37页,第三十二页，共38页。,3,I walked in our garden,_ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.,A.which B.when,C.where D.that,C,第32页/共37页,第三十三页，共38页。,4.Great changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer what it was 20 years ago,_ it was so poorly equipped.,A.when B.which,C.what D.that,A,第33页/共37页,第三十四页，共38页。,5.Jim passed the driving test,_ surprised everybody in the office.,A.which B.that,C.this D.it,A,第34页/共37页,第三十五页，共38页。,Complete the following passages with,who,whose,which,where,or,when,I have a good friend,(1)_,is really thin.Twice a week he goes to the gym,(2)_,he exercises and lifts weights.But the fact is that hes still quite thin,(3)_,makes him unhappy.,Now he is thinking about taking some pills,(4)_,he thinks will make him become stronger.Does anyone know if its safe to take these pills?,who,where,which,which,第35页/共37页,第三十六页，共38页。,I think going to a gym is a good way to keep healthy and strong.If your friend wants to be stronger,he should try to go there more often.,Yes,there are some pills to make you look strong.However,they have side effects,(5)_,will do harm to your health.After taking this kind of pill for some time,your friends hair might fall out or he might have health problems,some of,(6),_ may even do harm to his liver or heart.Many sportsmen,(7),_ achievements were great,died very young because they took these kinds of pills.I dont think your friend should take the risk.,Tell your friend not to take the pills because he may have health problems in the future,(8)_,it is too late.,which,which,whose,when,第36页/共37页,第三十七页，共38页。,内容(nirng)总结,限定和非限定性定语从句。他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。（杂志有带图画和不带图画两类）。when。她是位教师，这一点(y din)从她的举止可以清楚地看出,第三十八页，共38页。,