材料科学与工程专业英语-秋lecture1名师优质课获奖市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。,Specialized English,for Materials Science and Engineering,材料科学与工程专业英语,杨晓芳 Yang Xiaofang,Dr.,Email:yangxf,QQ:3294237,第1页,Introduction,引言,第2页,课程介绍,本课程是材料加工专业本科生选修课。本课程学习，目标在于帮助学生在专业学习和研究中更加好地应用英语，以逐步到达能用英语较熟练地阅读本专业文件资料及适应其它科技交流活动需要。,第3页,教学目标,掌握科技英语语法特点和惯用表示方式,掌握一定数量惯用专业词汇、短语,掌握科技文件翻译思绪和技巧（英译汉）,提升利用英语从事材料科学与工程相关阅读、写作、会话能力,第4页,课程内容,基础知识（文体特点，语法特点，词汇特点，惯用表示）,科技英语文章阅读翻译（专业词汇积累）,科技英语文章写作（,科技文件写作格式及写作技巧）,科技活动如国际会议中口语交流,第5页,考试形式：闭卷 （平时30考试70）,考试内容：专业词汇翻译 （15）,英文段落阅读了解 （25）,英文段落翻译 （60）,考试时间：另行通知,考试安排,第6页,Lecture 1 Features of Specialized English,专业英语特点,第7页,1.1 什么是专业英语,普通英语（,Common English,Ordinary English）,科技英语（English for Science and Technology）,专业英语,（English for Special Science and Technology）,是结合各自专业科技英语,有很强专业性，包括面愈加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为亲密。,隶属于科技英语,是科技英语一部分，以表示科技概念、理论与事实为主要目标。恪守科技英语,语法体系,和,翻译方法,;尤其,重视客观事实和真理,，表示,准确、精练和正式,。,专业英语学习需要有一个,良好科技英语基础,，同时要,注意其本身词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点,等等。,第8页,1.2 学习专业英语主要性,(1)科研信息获取,(2)研究结果展示,(3)国际交流合作,当前大部分资料都能够经过互联网传输，而这些资料中,90,以上都是英语。,世界上科技情报资料交流主要靠使用英语,对于材料科学与工程等专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。,专业英语阅读能力,申报国家奖项,申请专利,发表学术论文：,85以上科技资料都是以英语形式出版,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表示、听说、应变能力,第9页,1.3 Grammar Features,客观性,（objective）,准确性,（accuracy）,精练性,(conciseness),(1)广泛使用被动语态,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,(3)省略句使用频繁,(4),It,句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5)复杂长句使用频繁,(6)后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,第10页,(1)广泛使用被动语态,1.3 Grammar Features,主体,多为客观事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人主观臆断；,中心,是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作发出者，把论证说明对象置于句子主语位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者注意。,(客观性),1)Work hardening can,be removed,by annealing treatment.,加工硬化能够经过退火处理去除。,2)Nanocrystalline materials,are prepared,by means of various techniques.,纳米晶材料能够由很多方法制备。,第11页,1.3 Grammar Features,3)If the load,were removed,the material will return to its initial condition.,假如去掉载荷，材料将回到其初始状态。,4)The start of dislocation,is determined,by relative orientations of external force axis with respect to slip plane and slip direction.,位错开启取决于外加应力轴与滑移面和滑移方向相对取向。,5)Materials that,are utilized,in high-technology applications,are sometimes termed,advanced materials.,用于高科技领域材料有时被称为先进材料。,第12页,1.3 Grammar Features,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中能够起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词非谓语形式分为,动名词,分词,动词不定式,。,动名词,用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈说句,The beaker should be cleaned before it is used.,2)The metal becomes hot.It is placed in the furnace.,Once,being placed,in the furnace,the metal becomes hot.,金属放置在炉中会变热。,The beaker should be cleaned before,being used,.,烧杯在使用前应先清洁。,(精炼),第13页,1.3 Grammar Features,3)We must do various experiments before a new alloy is designed.,Before,designing,a new alloy we must do various experiments.,在设计一个新合金之前，我们必须做各种试验,用动名词短语做主语,4),Changing the percentage of each component,is a method for designing a new alloy.,改变每种成份百分比是设计新合金一个方法,第14页,1.3 Grammar Features,分词,过去分词,短语替换从句中,被动语态,现在分词,短语替换从句中,主动语态,The cross section of a jet engine,which is shown in Fig.1,illustrates the use of metallic materials for a number of critical applications.,The cross section of a jet engine,shown in Fig.1,illustrates the use of metallic materials for a number of critical applications.,图1所表示喷气发动机横截面举例说明了金属材料在大量严苛条件下应用。,第15页,1.3 Grammar Features,2)The term“structure”,as it was pointed out above,means the arrangement of a materials atoms.,The term“structure”,as,pointed out,above,means the arrangement of a materials atoms.,正如上面所指出那样，“结构”这个术语指材料原子排布。,3)A micrograph of a stainless steel sample,which is showing grains and grain boundaries,is shown in fig.1.,A micrograph of a stainless steel sample,showing,grains and grain boundaries is shown in fig.1.,展示晶粒与晶界不锈钢样品微观形貌图如图1所表示。,第16页,1.3 Grammar Features,不定式,用不定式短语来替换表示,目标和功效,从句或语句,(1)The strength of the structural material is higher and higher so that the increasing demand of modern industry is satisfied.,The strength of the structural material is higher and higher,to satisfy,the increasing demand of modern industry.,结构材料强度越来越高，目标就是满足不停增加当代工业需求。,(2)What does a furnace do?It heat-up a material.,The function of a furnace is,to heat-up,a material.,炉子作用就是加热材料。,第17页,1.3 Grammar Features,(3)省略句使用频繁,省略成份：,状语从句中主语、全部或部分谓语,；,定语从句中关系代词which和that、从句中助词,等；还,惯用介词短语替换从句,。,1)If,it is,possible,the system should work under ultra-high pressure.,If possible,the system should work under ultra-high pressure.,2)As,illustrated,in Fig.1,there is a crack on the surface of the metal.,As in Fig.1,there is a crack on the surface of the metal.,就像图1所表示那样，金属表面有一个裂纹。,可能话，这个系统应该在超高压下工作。,(精炼),第18页,1.3 Grammar Features,As already discussed 前已讨论,As explained before 前已解释,As described above 如上所表示,If possible(necessary)假如可能（必要）,惯用省略形式：,If so 倘若如此,As previously mentioned 前已提到,When needed(necessary,feasible)必要时,Where feasible 在实际可行场所,Where possible 在可能情况下,第19页,1.3 Grammar Features,(4),It句型,和,祈使句,使用频繁,It句型：it 充当形式主语，防止句子“头重脚轻”,It is very important(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)that,It happened that,It must be admitted that,祈使句:无主语，精炼。,Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。,Consider a high-pressure chamber.假如有一个高压室。,（准确、精炼）,第20页,1.3 Grammar Features,(5)复杂长句使用频繁,It has been mentioned above,that,the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal,that,their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and,that,they play an important part in conduction of heat.,前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地经过金属，电子移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着主要作用。,（,准确、精炼）,为了完整、准确地表示事物内在联络，使用大量从句,第21页,1.3 Grammar Features,(6)后置形容词短语作定语多,代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简练、紧凑，不至于累赘。,1)Samples treated by SMAT have surface characteristics,which are analogous to those of samples treated by shot peening.,Samples treated by SMAT have surface characteristics analogous to those of samples treated by shot peening.,2)The instruments present include some precise ones which are relative to micro-analysis.,The instruments present include some precise ones relative to micro-analysis.,经表面机械研磨处理样品含有表面特征，与经喷丸处理样品表面特征相同。,现有仪器中有一些与显微分析相关精密仪器,（精炼）,第22页,1.4 Rhetoric Features,重视科学技术方面观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征,包括内容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等)大多没有特定时间关系和时效性,(1)广泛使用普通现在时,(2)较多地使用图、表和公式,常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言原因来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。,(3)逻辑语法使用多,修辞特点,进行条件叙述、理论分析和公式推导时，多使用逻辑语法，即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑次序等词汇,although,because,but,if,once,only,suppose,as a result,because of,due to,so,therefore,thus,without等。,第23页,1.5,Vocabulary Features,(1)词汇分类,专业或技术词汇,次技术词汇,austenite（,奥氏体),martensite(马氏体）augite（辉石）diffraction(衍射）superconductivity（超导特征）,很多专业和学科所共有词汇,不一样专业和学科往往含有不一样词义,某个专业所特有词汇，其专业性强，词义狭窄和单一。,dislocation:,散开，解散,脱臼，脱位,断层，断错,phase:,周相，阶段，时期,物相,twins：,双胞胎,孪晶,aging:,年老，衰老,时效,：专业或技术词汇，次技术词汇，非技术词汇,词汇特点,位错,第24页,1.5,Vocabulary Features,非技术词汇,在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少，但实际却属于非专业英语词汇,take in -absorb,Look into -examine,find out -discover,turn round -rotate,make good use of -utilize,change -convert,第25页,1.5,Vocabulary Features,(2)词汇组成,1)合成法,由相互独立两个或更多词合成得到新词,名词+名词（n.+n.）n.:,grain boundary,grain size,point defect,名词+形容词(n+adj.)adj.：,ice-cold,network-wide,名词+副词(n+adv.)n.，adj.:,feedback,形容词名词（adj+n）n.，adj.：,high-speed,newtype,形容词+名词+ed(adj.+n.+ed)adj.:,forward-directed，small-sized,介词+名词(prep.+n.)adj.,n.：,overhead,on-line,第26页,1.5,Vocabulary Features,2)派生法,经过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来组成新词,专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法组成，,semi-组成词有230个以上:semiconductor,thermo-130 个以上：thermo-chemical,micro-300个以上:microstructure,auto-260个以上:automobile,前缀（prefix）：词义改变，词类不变,后缀（suffix）：词义可能改变可能不变，词类一定会变,惯用前缀和后缀却多达百个，可见派生法构词能力是非常强。作为一个专业技术人员，最少应掌握50个惯用前缀和后缀。,第27页,名词前缀,前缀,含义,例词,auto-,自动，自己，本身,automobile,counter-,反，逆，抗，补,counterpart,hydr(o),水，流体，氢(化),hydrocarbon,hyper-,超，过,hyperactive,mini-,微，小,miniature,micro-,微，百万分之一,microstructure,semi-,半，部分，不完全,semiconductor,super-,超，上，特,supersaturated,ultra-,超，过分，极端,ultrasonic,extra-,超，特,extra-high,第28页,后缀,含义,例词,-age,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,Percentage百分比,-ance,-ence,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,resistance电阻，difference差异,-ency,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,efficiency效率，frequency频率，emergency 紧急情况,-ion，,-tion,-sion,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,action作用，automation自动化,transmission传输,-logy,学论，技术,technology 技术,-ness,性质、状态、程度,hardness 硬度，deepness深度，brightness 亮度，roughness粗糙度,-ship,情况、性质、状态、关系、地位,relationship关系，friendship友好，membership会员资格，scholarship奖学金，学问，学识，fellowship搭档关系,-er,-or,driver驱动器,capacitor电容器,名词后缀,第29页,词缀,含义,例词,-able,-ible,measurable可测量,convertible可逆,-ous,continuous继续,electriferous带电,simultaneous同时,-ful,powerful强大，useful有用,-less,colorless无色,形容词后缀,副词后缀,词缀,含义,例词,-ly,地,carefully 仔细地，,-ward,向,backward 逆向，反馈,downward 向下,eastward 向东,-wise,方向,clockwise 顺时针方向,第30页,动词后缀,词缀,含义,例词,-en,broaden加宽，harden硬化，shorten变短,-fy,electrify 使带电，,-ize,standardize 使标准化,词缀,含义,例词,circ,圆，环,circum圆周,chron,表时间,synchronism同时,chronic慢性,meter,仪器仪表,altimeter,高度计,gram，graph,文字，图形,diagram图表,program程序,telegraph电报,phone,声音,microphone话筒,telephone电话,therm(o),热,thermoanalysis热分析,词根,第31页,3)词汇缩略,1.5,Vocabulary Features,只由词汇中部分字母或由词组中每个词汇首字母。,节略词,，,缩略词,，,首字词,和,缩写词,节略词：只取词汇前面几个字母或只由后面词根组成,ad,del,exam,deg,lab,di(a),dir,dep,advertisement;,delete,examination,degree,laboratory,diameter,directory,department,第32页,1.5,Vocabulary Features,缩略词：由,词组中一些词词头字母,（有时多于一个）所组成，作为一个词按照正常,规则发音,SMAT,surface mechanical attrition treatment 表面机械研磨处理,首字词：与缩略词类似，区分在于每个实词只取第一个字母，且必须逐字母念出,TEM,SEM,XRD,EBSD,TransmissionElectron Microscope 透射电子显微镜,ScanningElectron Microscope 扫描电子显微镜,X-rayDiffraction X射线衍射,ElectronBackscattered Diffraction 背散射电子衍射,第33页,缩写词：并不一定由某个词组首字母组成。有些缩写词仅由一个单词改变而来，且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。,1.5,Vocabulary Features,appx.appendix 附录,fig.figure 图,sq.square 平方,tab.,table 表,混正当:由两个词汇第一个词汇前面几个字母和第二个词汇后面几个字母结合在一起组成。,positron,negatron,positive electron,正电子,negative electron,负电子,第34页,1.5,Vocabulary Features,字母外形法:对一些形状与字母外形相同物体，能够利用连字符把字母和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。,X-ray X 射线,Y,-direction,Y,轴方向,人名法:对一些科学家、创造家所发觉或创造理论、方法、定理或定律、东西和物品等，用他们名字组成新词。,Mole摩尔,Volt伏特,Watt瓦特,Ampere安培,Hertz赫兹,Kelvin开尔文,Coulomb-库仑,第35页,2.4,Symbol and Formula,(1)国际单位制中前缀,前缀,符号,数值,汉字名称,例词,tera-,T,10,12,兆兆（亿万）,giga-,G,10,9,千兆（十亿）,gigabyte,meg(a)-,M,10,6,兆,megabyte,kilo-,k,10,3,千,kilometer(km)kilogram(kg）,hecto-,h,10,2,百,hectogram,deca-,da,10,1,十,decameter,deci-,d,10,-1,分（十分之一）,decimeter,centi-,c,10,-2,厘,centimeter(cm),milli-,m,10,-3,毫,millimeter(mm),micro-,10,-6,微,micrometer（m）,nano-,n,10,-9,纳,nanometer (nm),pico-,p,10,-12,微微,picocoulomb(pC),picofarad(pF),femto-,f,10,-15,毫微微,atto-,a,10,-18,微微微,第36页,(2)小数，分数，百分数,1.6,Symbol and Formula,0.1:,zero point one,point one,o point one,one tenth,decimal one,0.01:,point zero one,10.35:,ten point three five,1/2:,a(one)half,1/3:,a third,1/4:,one quarter,1/8,:a eighth,2/3,:two-thirds,two over three,two divided by three,3/4,:three-fourths,three quarters,3%,:three percent,0.2%,:point two percent,5:,five per mille,第37页,(3)幂（power）根（root）,x to the second power,1.6,Symbol and Formula,:x square,x squared,the square of x,the second power of x,y to the third power,:y cube,y cubed,the cube of y,the third power of y,:,the nth power of a,a to the n power,:the square root o f three,:the cube(third)root of a,:the nth root of a,第38页,1.6 Symbol and Formula,(4)几何形状,三角形,triangle,四边形,tetragon,长方形,rectangle,五边形,pentagon,六边形,hexagon,圆形,circle,梯形,trapezoid,菱形,rhombus,平行四边形,parallelogram,卵形,oval,椭圆形,ellipse,锥形,pyramid,圆锥形,cone,圆柱体,cylinder,球形,sphere,第39页,2.4,Symbol and Formula,(5)数学运算符号,A+B,A and B,A plus B,A-B,A minus B,AB,A times B,A multiplied by B,AB,A over B,A divided by B,AB,A plus or minus B,A=B,A equals B,A equals to B,A is equal to B,AB,A is not equal to B,A is not B,AB,A is approximately equal to B,AB,A is greater than B,AB,A is greater than B,AB,A is much(far)greater than B,AB,A is much less than B,AB,A is greater than or equal to B.,AB,A is less than or equal to B.,AB,A is proportion to b,A varies directly as B,A:B,A to B,第40页,1.7 Useful Expression,(1)To indicate the relationship,相关性,relative to 相对于,be related to,in relation to,in relation about,related,be in connection with something relevant与对应某物相关联,the relevance of 与相关,with a similar pattern to 与相同,be in accord with the results,第41页,1.7 Useful Expression,(1)To indicate the relationship,与相反,on the contrary,in contrary,but quite on the contrary,in sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expected,contrary to the expectation that,contrary to previous beliefs/observations,contrary to the hypothesis/predictions,contrary to current popular truisms(众所周知）,contrary to current cognitive theories(认知理论）,第42页,1.7 Useful Expression,(2)To indicate cause and effect,accordingly,as a result,consequently,for this reason,hence,in short,otherwise(不然，另外）,then,therefore,thus,第43页,1.7 Useful Expression,(3)To Indicate Addition,additionallyagainas can be easily understood,alsoand thenbesides,equally importantespecially for the same reason,finally,firstfurther,furthermorein additionlast,likewisemoreovernext,second thirdtoo,evidentlyobviouslyroughly,speakingbroadly speaking,第44页,1.7 Useful Expression,(4)To indicate concession(退让）,after all,although this may be true,at the same time,even though,even so,naturally,of course,第45页,1.7 Useful Expression,(5)To indicate Comparison,in a like manner,likewise,similarly,alternatively,第46页,1.7 Useful Expression,(6)To Indicate Contrast,and yetat the same time,butfor all that,howeveryet,in factin contrast,in the real lifein spite of,neverthelessnotwithstanding,normallyon the contrary,on the other handstill,traditionallyrather,unfortunately,第47页,1.7 Useful Expression,(7)To Indicate Time Relationships,after a short timeafterwardsas indicated earlier,as long asas soon asat last,at lengthat the momentat that time,at the same timebeforeearlier,currentlyimmediatelyin the meantime,in recent yearslatelylater,meanwhileoftenof late,presentlyrecentlysoon,shortlysincethereupon,temporarilythereforeuntil,whenwhile,第48页,1.7 Useful Expression,(8)To Indicate Special Features or Examples,for examplefor instance,incidentallyindeed,in factin other words,in particularin practice,specificallythat is,to illustratein this respect,theoreticallyas mentioned before/above,第49页,1.7 Useful Expression,(9)To Indicate Summary,in briefin conclusion,in shortin summary,on the wholeto conclude,in generalto summarize,to sum upas a result,ultimately,第50页,