神经语言学和心理语言学-(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 12,Language and the Brain,1,Two Branches of Linguistics,Neurolinguistics,神经语言学,Psycholinguistics,心理语言学,Traditionally,linguists pay more attention to language system itself.,Now,the technological advances enables more investigation of the human brain and language processing.,2,Neurolinguistics,Neurolinguistics,is the study of two related areas:,language disorders,and the relationship between,brain and language,.,It includes research into,How the brain is structured,What function each part of the brain performs,How and in which parts of the brain language is stored,How damage to the brain affects the ability to use language,3,The focus of this Section,A brief survey of the brain structure and its function,The methods used in the study of the brain in terms of evideces for,lateralization,(referring to cognitive functions controlled either by the left or the right side of the brain),（边侧性）,The different types of language disturbance that result from the brain damage,4,The biological foundations of language,By far,human beings are the only species that possess language ability.,Our linguistic ability is a biological gift of the speciess gene program.,5,Speech organs,These organs consist of lips,teeth,tongue,oral cavity,nasal cavity,palate(,硬腭,),velum(,软腭,),pharynx(,咽,),epiglottis(,会厌,),vocal cord(,声带,),pulmonic cavity(,肺腔,)and so on.,Human teeth,upright,not slanting outwards,the top and the bottom sets can meet,Lips,muscles which show more intricate interlacing than those of other animals,mouth,relatively small,can open and shut rapidly,tongue,thick,muscular and flexible enough to get in touch with other parts of the oral cavity.,6,The structure and function of the human brain,cartoon,weight:,1,400 grams,Component:,ten billion nerve cells called,neuron,and billions of,fibers,that connect these neurons.,Neuron:,the basic information processing units of the nervous system,7,Two sections of the brain,The lower section,：,the,brain stem,the higher section:,cerebrum,8,the brain stem,Connecting to the,spinal cord,（脊椎）,and shared by all animals,keeps the body alive by maintaining the essential functions such as,respiration,heart rate,and muscle co-ordination,9,Cerebrum,The cerebrum that differs in different species is not essential for life.,小脑,皮层,Gyrus,脑回,Sulcus,回间沟,Fissure,裂缝,10,Cerebral Cortex,The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body and storehouse of“memory”.,It receives messages from all the sensory organs and initiates all voluntary actions.,It is the cerebral cortex that accounts for the human distinctness in the animal world and it is within the human cortext that the secrets of language representation and processing are to be found.,Animals,reptiles and amphibians have no cortex at all.,11,Cerebral hemispheres,The left and the right brain,The main connection between them is a bundle of,nerve fibres,known as the,corpus callosum,胼胝体,a pathway leading one to another,allowing the two hemispheres to communicate with each other.,Each hemisphere of the human brain is responsible for different functions.,Each hemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation.,12,13,14,The left hemisphere seems to do better in language,rhythmic perception,temporal-order judgments and mathematical thinking,The right hemispheres show distinct abilities and responsibilities,complex mental activities such as language do not always fall neatly into one hemisphere or the other but involve the coordinated functioning of both hemispheres.,15,4 lobes of cerebral cortex,额叶,顶叶,颞叶,枕叶,Responsible for planning,prediction,speech and discrete movement of the body,Reading ability and sensations,Audition,memory processing and sensory integration,Visual processing,16,17,18,Revision The structure of the human brain,Three parts in human brain,(1),brain stem(,脑干,):,keeps the body alive by maintaining the essential functions such as respiration,heart rate,and muscle co-ordination.,(2),cerebellum(,小脑,):,responsible for controlling body equilibrium and regulating the function of voluntary movements.,(3),cerebrum(,大脑,):,important for language psychology,The surface of the cerebrum:,cerebral cortex,(,大脑皮层,)is the information processing and decision-making organ and the biological basis of human psychology.,19,The structure of the human brain,20,The importance of cerebral cortex,It is the cerebral cortex that accounts for the human distinctness in the animal world and it is within the human cortex that the secrets of language representation and processing are to be found.,21,Major mental functions under the control of each cerebral hemisphere,Such localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called brain,lateralization,.,Left cerebral hemisphere,Right cerebral hemisphere,control the right side of human body,language and speech,analytic reasoning,temporal ordering,reading and writing,calculation,associative thought,control the left side of human body,perception of nonlinguistic sounds,holistic reasoning,visual and spatial skills,recognition of patterns,recognition of musical melodies,Complex mental activities involve the coordinated functioning of both hemispheres.,22,Methods for the study of the brain and evidences for,lateralization,Autopsy studies,验尸,Methods to the study of the brain,SAT,阿米妥纳试验,CT scanning,计算机化轴向层面射线摄影法,PET,阳电子发射,X,线体层摄影法,MRI,磁共振成像,fMRI,功能磁共振成像,Methods to examine the behaviour associated with the braining,Dichotic listening,双耳分听试验,Split brain studies,裂脑试验,23,Autopsy studies,(,验尸,),It has been and continues to be an important tool in the understanding of the brain.,Method:,to examine the brain after the patients death in order to find the relationship between,the area of brain damage,and the,type of disorder,the patient displayed while alive.,A woman with epilepsy,癫痫,羊角风,French neurologist,24,25,Methods to the study of the brain,CT Scanning,MRI,fMRI,Dichotic listeningsplit brain studies,26,Methods to examine the behaviour associated with the brain,Right ear advantage,:,Most people report the stimuli heard in the right ear more accurately than that in the left one.,How to explain such a phenomenon?,e.g.,the dichotic listening research,(,双耳分听试验,),The majority of normal human beings have speech located primarily in the left hemisphere.,27,The cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum,(,胼胝体,).,What may happen when the brain is split surgically?,Information from the left side of the body is received only by the right side of the brain and vice versa.,Right hemisphere can understand and comprehend information,but it is mute.,Split brain studies,(,裂脑试验,):,the experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cognition.,Methods to examine the behaviour associated with the brain,28,Verbal information processing is realized mainly through a number of language centers situated in the left hemisphere.,1),Brocas area,(,布罗卡区,),anterior language area,It lies in the frontal part of the left brain.,2),Wernickes area,(,韦尼克区,),posterior language area,It leans behind Brocas area.,3),Angular gyrus,(,角形脑回,),It lies further behind the Wernickes area.,It is by this part that human beings match a spoken form with a perceived object,name the objects and comprehend the written language.,Language center and aphasia,29,30,Aphasia,(,失语症,),Aphasia,refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebral lesions,(,大脑损伤,),caused by vascular problems,(,血管问题,),a tumour,an accident and so on.,The study of aphasia is by far the most important tool in the investigation of language in the brain.,31,Brocas aphasia,(,布罗卡失语症,),Paul Broca,French doctor,1861,Any lesion of the anterior part of the left hemisphere will lead to speech production difficulties.,(expressive aphasia,non-fluent aphasia),e.g.Yes ahMondayDad and Peterhospital and ah Wednesday,nine oclockand ah doctors twoerteethyah.,Symptoms,:poor articulation,express a single word at a time,omit articles,conjunctions,and other functional words,omit grammatical inflections(-telegraphic speech),32,Wernickes aphasia,(,韦尼克失语症,),Carl Wernicke,German physician,1874,Any lesion in left cortex behind the central sulcus(,脑沟,)will lead to speech comprehension deficits.,(receptive aphasia,fluent aphasia),e.g.Colorless green ideas are sleeping furiouslySymptoms,:,fast and fluent speech,good intonation,pronunciation,inappropriate content,even nonsense,difficulty in comprehension,33,Acquired dyslexia,(,习得性失读症,),Acquired dyslexia,:damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe(,顶叶,)often causes the impairment of reading and writing ability.,Two types of acquired dyslexia:,1.phonological dyslexia,(,拼音性失读症,):patients can only read words that they have seen before.They seem to have lost the ability to use spelling-to-sound rule.,2.Surface dyslexia,(,浅层诵读困难,):patients seem unable to recognize words as wholes but must process all words through a set of spelling-to-sound rules.,34,Acquired dyslexia,(,习得性失读症,),35,36,37,Psycholinguistics,Psycholinguistic research methods,Field work,Experimental methods,Linguistics and language processing,Phonetics and phonology,Morphological processing,Syntax,Psycholinguistic modeling,38,Psycholinguistics,In the1940s,the term psycholinguistics came into being.,The publication of,Psycholinguistics:A Survey of Theory and Research Problems(1954)(by Charles Osgood and Thomas Sebeok),A milestone,marking the birth of the new science,Psycholinguistics,is the study of psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.It concerns the representation of language in the mind,the planning,production,perception and comprehension of speech,and language acquisition.,39,The focus of this sectionWhat do psycholinguists do?,Explore:,how language is represented and processed in the mind,How the concepts and principles are used in different levels of language processing,How speech is produced,40,Psycholinguistic research methods,Field work,spoonerisms,首音互换,Experimental methods,Lexical Decision,The priming experiment,Timed-reading experiments,Eye movement experiments,Event-related potential experiment,41,11.2.1 Psycholinguistic research methods,Language production is a process of conversion from thoughts to speech.,Easy or difficult to study?Why?,Difficult to study.,It is almost impossible to observe the internal ideas or the involved processes.,Now,language production can only be studied through,indirect evidence,:,1)the analysis of,pauses,in spontaneous speech,2)the analysis of instances of,speech errors,(slips of the tongue),42,Field work:Pauses or silence,Around 40%-50%of an average spontaneous utterance consists of pauses.,Types of pauses,:breathing&hesitation,Reasons for pauses:(Inaugural address),1)to take a breath,2)to organize his thought,3)to find a proper word,4)to wait to see the effect of his speech on the listener,43,Finding,:Speakers do not normally pause between clauses;they pause inside them.,Conclusion,:There is overlapping in the planning and production of clauses.,That is,we begin to plan the next clause while still uttering the present one.,44,Spoonerisms,斯本内现象 首音互换,William A.Spooner,45,What is intended,What is said,1,Is the dean busy?,Is the bean dizzy?,2,Is it customary to kiss the bride?,Is it kisstomary to cuss the bride?,3,Big and fat,Pig and vat,4,There are many ministers in our church.,There are many churches in our minister.,5.,John sliced the salami with a knife.,John sliced a knife with the salami.,Phonological segments or features:1,2,3,Whole words or even phrases:4,5,46,Speech Errorsslips of tongue,Phonological errors,primarily in content words,not in grammatical morphemes,such as s,or ed,Words and lexical morphemes,(used for the construction of new words,such as black in the compound blackbird and ship in friendship)may be interchanged,but grammatical morphemes may not be;,The intonation contour remains unchanged as in the intended utterances,even when the words are disordered,Errors tend to occur at only one linguistic level per utterance.That is when a person clearly says the wrong word,the sentence is syntactically,prosodically,and phonologically intact.,All these slips of the tongue provide evidence that the morpheme,rather than the word,is the fundamental building block of English sentence production.,47,Field work:Speech errors,e.g.,You have hissed my mystery lectures.I saw you fight a liar in the back quad.In fact,you have tasted the whole worm.(Dr.William Spooner),48,Eight types of speech errors(,Psychology of Language,D.W.Carroll,1986),石头把玻璃没打碎。黄飞鸿（,hui),这个电影真可怖。他在柏林一天工作三星期。,Type,Examples,Shift,Thais so shell be ready in case she decide to hits it,(decides to hit).,Exchange,Fancy getting your model renosed,(nose remodeled).,Anticipation,Bake my bike,(take my bike).,Perseveration,He pulled the pents,(tents),up.,Addition,I didnt explain this clarefully enough,(carefully).,Deletion,Ill just get up and mutter intelligibly,(un-intelligibly).,Substitution,At low speeds its too light,(heavy).,Blend,That child is looking to be spaddled,(spanked/paddled).,49,Finding,:Errors tend to occur at only one linguistic level per utterance.,Conclusion,:,1.A sentence must be planned before it is produced.,2.The morpheme,rather than the word,is the fundamental building block of English sentence production.,50,Experimental methods,Lexical Decision,The priming experiment,Timed-reading experiments,Eye movement experiments,Event-related potential experiment,Words,organized,accessed and represented in the mind,Sentences,processed,51,Lexical decision,(,词汇判断,),a participant sees a string of letters and is required to decide whether the string is a word or not.The time is recorded.,It can be used to measure the speed and accuracy with which words in the mental lexicon are accessed.,52,The priming experiment,(,启动试验,):,a participant sees a string of letters and is required to decide whether the string is a word or not.But before the appearance of the,target,word,another stimulus(called,prime,)is presented.The time is recorded.,Aim,:to know to what extent the prime influences the subjects lexical decision performance on the target stimulus.,Finding,:Times are shorter when the prime is a semantically related word than when it is an unrelated word.,53,priming effect,54,Finding,:Longer bar-pressing times for processing most nouns and verbs and relatively less time for function words.,Timed-reading experiment,限时阅读试验,55,Finding,:Fixation times are typically longer for less frequent words.Fixation are typically centred on content words than on function words.,Eye movement experiment眼动试验,):,Difficult sentence structures create longer fixation time and more regressive saccades.,56,Event-related potential experiment(ERP),Finding:,ERP experiments have shown that sentence processing is immediate and online.When reading a sentence we do not wait until the entire string is complet