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and的理解与表达
And是英语中一个一般的连词,然而and并非只作并列连词用,它还具有一些不太常见的表达方式和意义,应依据上下文的特别环境,作出推断才能准确理解其用法和意思。
1.and作并列连词,译为“和、并且〞等,当连接三个以上的并列成分时,它放在最后一个成分之前,其余用逗号分开,例如:He bought a book and a pen.他买了一本书和一支笔。Solid,liquid and gas are the three states of matter.固态、液态和气态是物质的三种状态。
2.名词+and+名词,假设这种结构表示一个概念时,and+名词相当于介词with+名词,译为“附带、兼〞的意思,例如:Noodle and egg is a kind of delicious food.(and egg=with egg)鸡蛋面是一种美味食物。Whose is this watch and chain?(and chain=with chain)这块带表链的手表是谁的?3.名词复数+and+同一名词的复数,强调连续或众多的含义。
例如:There are photos and photos.照片一张接着一张。They saw film hours and hours last week.上星期他们一小时接一小时地看电影。
4.形容词+and+形容词,这种结构形似并列,实际并非并列结构。例如:This roon is nice and warm(= nicely warm). The coffee is nice and hot(=thoroughly hot).5.用and连接动词的用法:and+动词作目的状语。
动词 go(come,stop等)+and+动词,此时,and+动词相当于in order to+动词,例如:①I'll go and bring back your boots,(go and bring back=go in order to bringback)我去把你的靴子拿来。②and+动词,起现在分词的作用,表示方式或伴随状况。
例如:He sat and waited.(and waited=waiting)他坐着等。③and+同一动词表示动作长时间地“继续〞或“重复〞,例如:We waited and waited.我们等呀等。
6.用来补充语意起强调作用,例如:You have to send in the application and(that)without delay.你得交上申请表格,不能拖延。He can express his ideas in English and(that) effectiyely.他能用英语准确地表达自己的想法。
7.用来连接一句祈使句和一句陈述句,这里祈使句+and相当于if…,例如:Persevere,and you will succeed. Make haste,and you will get there in time. 以上两句分别改为:If you persevere,you will succeed. If you make haste,you will get there in time.8.用于插入语中作为一种评语,例如:He has a somewhat swelled head,and I don't like this. They refused to sign the agreement and that's not surprising which put us in anawkward position.9.表示对比,例如:Mary likes music and Jim is fond of sports. He was so rich and lived like a beggar.10.表示条件,例如:Use your head,and you'll find a way. Think it over again and you'll find a way out.11.表示因果关系,例如:He heard a cry for help,and he rushed ont of the house.12.表示先后顺序,例如:He read for an hour and went to bed13.表示意义增补,例如:He is Jack of all trades and master of none.14.用and连接比较级,表示程度逐步强化,意思是““又、再〞,例如:We read the book again and again.我们反复阅读这本书。
16.表示时间的一致性,例如:She slept and dreamed last night.17.用来强化其后面的词或词组,例如:She has lost her pencil and that one is new.18.有时形容词的同位语由and引出,此时译为“即,也就是〞,例如:The third and last point is how to be a good student.第三点,也就是最后一点,是如何成为一名优秀的同学。19.表示递进,例如:He did the work and he did it well.20.用在句子的开头以表示连续性和惊讶的意思,例如:And he said to John.接着他对约翰说。
And is it true?这是真的吗?21.连接数词,译为“加〞,例如:4 and 2makes 6.4加2等于6。22.and构成习语,例如:Ways and means,part and parcel,heart and soul,pick and choose.23.构成一些短语,例如:and so〔所以〕,and so on〔等等〕,and then〔然后,其次〕,and yet〔然而〕…。
1.在and和or用于连接两个句子时,这两个词的词性为连词
and表示前后两个句子表达的感情一致;or表达前后两个句子存在逻辑关系,翻译成“否则〞
例:He is a good student,and he got the highest grade in the final exam.
他是个好同学,在期末考试中他得了最高分。〔这句话中前后两个表达的都是这个同学成绩好的感情〕
例:You must study hard, or you can't get a good grade in teh exam.
你一定要用功,否则你不能在考试中拿到好成绩。〔前后两个句子表达逻辑关系:不用功——拿不到好成绩〕
2.如果这两个词用于句子中,and表示“和〞;or表示“或者〞
例:I like eating apples and pears.我喜爱吃苹果和梨。
例:Which do you like, apples or pears?你喜爱哪个?苹果还是梨?
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