托福基础语法PPT幻灯片课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,三大从句,1,三大类从句,名词性从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,形容词性从句,定语从句,副词性从句,状语从句,2,名词性从句,名词可以做什么成分？,主语，宾语，表语，同位语,3,两大类连接词,1.that+S+V+,只起到引导作用,不充当成分,本身无词义,省略？,2.wh-,what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether,充当成分,不能省略,句子语序,4,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,规律：,名词性从句的,理解,问题,wh-/how,what+S+V,-S V,的内容：,what he said,where+S+V,-S V,的地点：,where I stay,5,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,when+S+V,-S V,的时间,：,when Jack left,why S+V,-S V,的原因,why Jenny refused Forrest,6,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,how+S+V,-S V,的方式；,S,如何地,V,how students should behave,how much S+V,-S V,的程度；,S,在多大程度上,V,；,S,有多么地,V,how much I love you,7,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,whether+S+V,-S,是否,V,Whether he comes,to the party or not is none of my business.,8,主语从句,-that,连接词,That he survived in the earthquake is a miracle.,He survived in the earthquake.,X,is a miracle.,That Bill divorced Juliet is not surprising.,Bill divorced Juliet.,X,is,not surprising,.,主语从句中的,that,连接词,不能,省略！,9,That,引导的主语从句后置,避免头重脚轻,+,尾部焦点原则,1.It+be+adj.+that-,从句,It is natural,that they should have different views,.,It was obvious,that she did not want to come,.,It is strange,that he knows nothing about it,.,10,写作练习,如果一个社会想要进步，抛弃传统很必要。,It is important that,important/essential/vital/crucial/significant/,进步,make progress,抛弃传统,reject traditions,It is essential that a society should reject its traditions,if it wants to make progress.,11,That,引导的主语从句后置,2.It+be+n.+that-,从句,It is a pity,that he cannot swim,.,Its a wonder,that he is still alive,.,It was a disappointment to your mother,that you failed the exam,.,12,写作练习,保护和推广自己国家的历史和文化遗产是年青一代不可避免的任务。,It is an unavoidable task that,保护和推广,conserve and promote,国家的历史和文化遗产,national historical and cultural heritages,年青一代,young generations,It is an unavoidable task that the young generations conserve and promote their national historical and cultural heritages.,13,That,引导的主语从句后置,3.It+be+v-ed+that-,从句,规律：,it,后面跟动词的被动语态形式，再接,that,从句,无主语，理解成,“,据。,”,It is said,that there has been an earthquake in India,.,It is reported that,the enemy troops have crossed the border.,“,人们,”,作主语，进行主动理解；或者直接砍掉，做肯定理解,It is believed,that Japanese are weird,.,It was rumoured,that he was suffering from a kidney stone,.,It must be pointed out,that English is actually not difficult,.,14,写作练习,人们普遍认为国际旅游业促进了跨文化交流。,It is widely accepted that,国际旅游业,international tourism,促进,promote,跨文化交流,cross-cultural communication,It is widely accepted that international tourism has promoted cross-cultural communication.,15,That,引导的主语从句后置,4.It+vi.+that-,从句；,It+vt.+O+that-,从句,It happened,that she was not in that day,.,碰巧,It turned out,that she used to be a man,.,结果是,It occurred to me,that perhaps she was lying,.,突然想起,It struck me,that we ought to make a new plan,.,我忽然想起,(strike),16,写作练习,父母和教育家认为，电视“成功”阻碍了孩子心理的发展。,It occurs to parents and educators that,a successful destroyer,心理的发展,mental development,It occurs to parents and educators that TV has been a successful destroyer of childrens mental development.,17,主语从句特殊疑问词,what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether ,不能用,if,18,人们是否应该到了某一年龄就应该被强制退休是一个公众话题。,at a certain age,be forced to retire,公众话题,public focus,Whether,people should be forced to retire at a certain age has been a pubic focus.,19,找到能够处理我们越来越多垃圾的地方是许多政府都非常头疼的一件事。,处理,dispose of,headache,Where,we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments.,20,表达“越来越”的写作升级,(1),mounting,+,n.,mounting,修饰的名词,n.,为,抽象,、,不可数名词,Eg.,mounting,price/criticism/complaint/praise,21,表达“越来越”的写作升级,(2),ever,+,adj.,比较级：,The English exam is becoming,ever,more difficult,.,22,表达“越来越”的写作升级,(3),increasing,修饰可数名词：,an,increasing,number of+,可数名词复数,修饰不可数名词：,an,increasing,amount of+,不可数名词,修饰形容词：,increasingly,+,adj.,The English exam is becoming,increasingly,difficult.,23,宾语从句,that,类连接词,Experts confirmed,that,a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.,不充当成分,只起到连接作用,可以,省略,24,wh-,连接词,谓语动词的宾语,I wonder,why,he deserved his well-paid position.,介词的宾语,That will depend on,where,we shall go.,不定式的宾语,Armed with a torch,the vicar went up into the clock tower to see,what,was going on.,25,宾语从句特殊疑问词,what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether ,可以,用,if,26,说到教育，大部分人认为其是终生的学习。,When it comes to,the majority of,a life time study,When it comes to education,the majority of people believe,that,it is a life time study.,27,他们声称，通过补习，孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识。,补习,extra studies,声称,claim,maintain,obtain,gain,practical skills,useful knowledge,By extra studies,they maintained that their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge.,28,一项调查显示，许多农民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。,show/demonstrate,farmer laborers/rural emigrants,An investigation shows,that,many rural emigrants consider,that,working at cities can provide them with not only a high salary but also the opportunity to learn new skills.,29,我想知道，这个做法是否经得起推敲。,经得起推敲,bear closer analysis,I wonder,whether/if,this practice can bear closer analysis.,30,表语从句,that,类连接词,The truth is,that,he lacks the decisiveness to be a leader.,What I dislike about the deal is,that,it is really dishonest.,不充当成分,只起到连接作用,不可以,省略,31,表语从句,wh-,类连接词,what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether ,不能,用,if,32,The kings concern is,who,will succeed to his throne.,The question put forward by the consultant is,what,the management is to do with the workers strike.,33,其中一个争论的问题是一个人是否应选择舒适的衣服，而不管是不是时尚。,One of the questions under debate,不管,regardless of,One of the questions under debate is,whether,a person should choose comfortable clothes,regardless of fashion.,34,被一些人忽视的是，国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史带来灾难性的影响。,What some people fail to see,灾难性的,disastrous,impact,What some people fail to see is,that,international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.,35,同位语从句,很多（抽象）名词后可以跟,that,引导的从句，说明其具体内容，这样的从句就是,同位语从句,。,There is no,doubt,that he was an excellent scholar,.,He was conscious of the,fact,that,she did not approve of what he was doing,.,We received a,message,that he would be absent,.,36,同位语从句举例,We have,proof,that this man committed the crime,.,I have expressed the,opinion,that she can act,.,I had the,impression,that she chose her words with care,.,37,后面经常跟同位语从句的名词,doubt,fact,message,proof,opinion,hopes,impression,evidence,idea,belief,feeling,conclusion,rumour,report,possibility,guarantee,thought,assurance,news,story,order,etc,.,38,毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。,There is no doubt that,There is no doubt,that,the increase in demand leads to the rise in prices.,39,当今的年轻人以自我为中心、对人冷漠和不顾及他人这样的事实，在很大程度上是孩童时期父母对他们过分纵容的结果。,self-centered,indifference,inconsiderate,The fact,that,young people nowadays are self-centered,，,indifferent and inconsiderate is largely the outcome of parental overindulgence.,40,没有人能否认这一重要事实：最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。,No one can deny the essential fact,that,the traffic problem over the last years has attracted wide public concern all over the world.,41,定语从句,在句子中作为定语，修饰一个名词或代词,“,的人”“,的东西”,先行词,连接词,关系代词：,who,whom,whose,that,which,as,关系副词：,when,where,why,被修饰的名词或者代词,42,关系代词引导的定语从句,(1),1.who,whom,that,代替人,Young people,who abuse,their aged parents should be condemned.,Young people should be condemned.,Young people abuse their aged parents.,Young people,abusing,their aged parents should be condemned.,43,养宠物能够把孩子变成具有同情心的人。,Pet raising,同情心,caring mind,turn into,Pet raising can turn children into citizens who have a caring mind.,44,先行词作宾语,The girls,who,he employs are always complaining about their pay.,The girls are always complaining about their pay.,He employs the girls.,45,先行词作宾语,The man,with whom,I was travelling did not speak English.,The man did not speak English.,I was travelling with the man.,46,医生对病人说谎，病人可能活得更长。,enjoy a longer life,white lie,A patient may enjoy a longer life.,Doctors tell white lies to a patient.,A patient,to whom,doctors tell white lies may enjoy a longer life.,47,关系代词引导的定语从句,(2),2.whose,在定语从句中作定语,可以指人，也可以指物,Youngsters,whose,minds are corrupted by pornographic contents are highly likely to go astray.,He saw a house,whose,window were all broken.,48,医生会进退两难，如果他的病人身患癌症。,be in a dilemma,get cancer,A doctor whose patient gets cancer will be in a dilemma.,49,关系代词引导的定语从句,(3),3.which,that,代替物,It is a virtuous course to provide the poor with good jobs,that allow them to support their families.,50,广告上出现的具有欺骗性的、误导性的内容受到猛烈批评。,cheating and misleading,ads and commercials,Cheating and misleading materials,which appear in ads and commercials,have been strongly criticized.,51,关系副词引导的定语从句,1.,引导一个定语从句,2.,在从句中的成分,状语,where,地点状语,when,时间状语,why,原因状语,3.,关系副词,=prep.+,关系代词,52,This is the hotel,where,we stayed last summer.,We stayed in,the hotel,last summer.,where=in which,53,There are occasions,when,one must lie.,There are occasions.,One must lie on occasion.,when=on which,There are occasions,on which,one must lie.,54,Can you tell me the reason,why,you are so unhappy?,why=for which,Can you tell me the reason for which you are so unhappy?,55,这就是富国拒绝帮助穷国的理由。,This is,the reason,why;for which,This is the reason why rich countries refuse to aid their poor counterparts.,56,限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句,The beauty over there is YHs girlfriend who dresses in red.,The beauty over there is YHs,girlfriend,who dresses in red.,规律：,非限定性定语从句，理解成,插入语,，或者直接删除；,限定性要翻译理解成明确的定语。,57,名词后,that,引导的从句,名词后面,跟随,that,引,导,的从句时，一般有两种可能：,（,1,）,that,引起,定语从句,，该名词是先行词，在后面的句子中充当成分，通常是主语或宾语；,（,2,）,that,引起,同位语从句,，,解释,说明该名词的具体内容。,58,名词后,that,从句的判断标准,判断标准有两个：,第一,，,看名词,。,如果,that,前面的,名词是,具体名词，,那么,that,从句,通常是定语从句,；,如果,that,前面的,名词是,抽象名词，,那么,that,从句,通常是同位语从句,。,59,名词后,that,从句的判断标准,第二，看从句,。,如果从句中缺少成分，,一定,是定语从句,，而,that,在从句中充当的就是那个缺少的成分，通常是主语或者宾语；,如果从句内容完整，一般是同位语从句,，,that,在从句中没有词意，只起到引导作用,。,60,名词后,that,从句的判断标准,第三，看先行词和从句的关系,同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；,定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。,61,状语从句,状语从句,状语从句是行使状语功能的从句，,其作用相当于副词，因此也称为副词性从句。,62,状语从句,种类：,时间状语从句,地点状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,目的状语从句,条件状语从句,让步状语从句,方式状语从句,比较状语从句,63,1,、时间状语从句,常见引导词：,when,while,as,before,after,since,until,as soon as;hardly when;scarcely when,64,当有许多方法可以代替动物实验的时候，就没有必要在动物身上进行试验了。,alternatives,It is unnecessary to.,It is unnecessary to,conduct experiments on animals,when,there are a number of alternatives.,65,一旦食物链断裂，整个生态系统就会永久被改变。,food chain/web,ecosystem,As soon as the food chain is broken,the whole ecosystem could be forever changed.,66,2.,地点状语从句,where,wherever,有人类的地方，野生动物都被迫离开。,Wild animals are forced to leave wherever there is humanity.,67,3,、原因状语从句,该从句表示原因,作原因状语,引导词包括,:,because,as,since,now that,considering(that),68,because,因为,有目标的人取得成功，因为他们方向明确。,People with goals succeed,because,they know where they are going.,69,as/since/for,因为,As,you werent there,I left a message.,I will seek to balance career and family,since,both are important to me.,I will laugh,for,this is the great secret of long life.,70,now that,因为,.,既然,可以和,since,换用,Now that,youve passed the test you can drive on your own.,Now that,you mention it,I do remember the incident.,71,considering(that),考虑到,考虑到计划还没有实施，会议取消了,。,实施,carry out,The conference was cancelled,considering that,the plan has not been carried out.,72,4,、结果状语从句,该从句表示结果，作结果状语，引导词包括：,so that,such that,73,so/suchthat,如此,以至于,Youth is,so wonderful that,it is a crime to waste it.,Most people pursue pleasure with,such,breathless,haste that,they hurry past it.,74,5,、条件状语从句,该从句表示条件，作条件状语，引导词包括：,if,unless,in case,as long as(so long as),assuming,suppose(supposing),provided(providing),75,if,如果,Just imagine how horrible the world would be,，,if humans are the only creature in the world.,76,unless,除非，如果不,在意义上，相当于,ifnot,要记住：,如果没有百分之百的把握就不要承诺任何事情,。,Dont promise anything,unless,you are 100 percent sure.,77,in case,假如,要记住：,假如你失败了，不要气馁。要继续努力。,In case,you fail,dont be discouraged.Keep trying.,78,as/so long as,只要，如果,要记住：,只要一息尚存，我就要坚持。,So long as,there is breath in me,I shall persist.,79,suppose(supposing),假如,和,if,同义,Suppose(supposing),you make some mistakes,it is not the end of the world.,80,provided(providing),假如,和,if,同义,Provided,that you have the money in your account,you can withdraw up to$1000 a day.,81,6,、目的状语从句,该从句表示目的，作目的状语，引导词包括：,so that,in order that,lest,in case,for fear that,82,in order that/so that,He left early in order that he,should/would/might,/arrive on time.,83,lest,in case,for fear that,以防，以免,I must concentrate on action,lest/in case/for fear that,I wither in despair.,我们必须专注于行动，以免在绝望中消沉下去。,84,7,、让步状语从句,该句表示让步关系，作让步状语，引导词包括：,although,though,while,even if,even though,no,matter,(what,who,which,when,where,how),whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however,85,although/though/while,尽管,虽然,although,语气较重,尽管世界充满苦难，但苦难总是能够克服。,Although,the world is full of sufferings,they can always be,overcome,.,尽管胜利并不重要，但努力去获胜却很重要。,While,winning is not everything,trying to win is everything.,86,although/though,即使,有时可以作,even if,解释,I would not marry you,although/though,you were the last man on earth.,87,even if/even though,即使，纵然,Even if,you take a taxi,youll still miss your train.,Even though,you apologize,she will may not forgive you.,88,no matter,what,who,which,how,when,where,=whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever,Wherever you go,whatever you do,I will be right here waiting for you.,Right Here Waiting,此情可待,89,8,、方式状语从句,该从句表示方式，作方式状语，引导词包括：,as,as if,as though,90,as,以,方式，像,一样,期待朋友如何对待自己，就应该怎样对待朋友。,对待,behave,We should behave to our friends,as,we should expect our friends to behave to us.,91,as if/as though,好像,从句中常用虚拟表达,A true friend celebrates your success,as if,it were his own.,真正的朋友庆祝你的成功就如同自己成功一样。,92,9,、比较状语从句,该从句表示比较关系，引导词包括：,than,asas,not as(so)as,the morethe more,93,规律：比较级最高级结构,一、英文比较级的种类,（,1,）同级比较：与,一样地,This company is as successful as that one.,（,2,）差级比较：比,更,This company is more successful than that one.,（,3,）最高级比较：最,的,This company is the most successful one in this industry.,94,比较级最高级,二、,英语比较级与中文比较的重要差别：,John is as clever as Chris.,不同主体、同一特征的比较,John is as clever as he is handsome.,同一主体、不同特征的比较,John is as clever as Chris is handsome.,不同主体、不同特征的比较,比较的不是特征本身，而是特征的程度。,95,than,比,用于形容词、副词比较级后，构成比较句型。,北京的人口比纽约多。,The population in Beijing is more than NYC.,The population in Beijing is more than,that,in NYC.,96,asas,和,一样,一个人希望自己有多伟大，就可以有多伟大。,A person can be,as great as,he/she wants to be.,友谊像一杯醇香的美酒，越陈越香，越久越浓,Long-standing friendship is,as sweet as,long-preserved wine.,97,not as(so)as,不如,财富带来的幸福不如健康多。,Wealth,cannot,give,so much happiness as,health.,98,the morethe more,越,越,The more,we study,the more,we discover our ignorance.,99,the morethe more,越,越,一个地区的人口越多，对水，交通以及垃圾处理的需求就越大,The greater,the population is in a locality,the greater,the need is for water,transportation,and disposal of refuse.,100,